Animal Drugs and Human Health

EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN VE1ERINARY MEDICAL COLLEGES WASHINGlON, D.C. DIRECTOR, SOENTIFIC SERVICES, NATIONAL RENDERERS ASSOCIATION and DIRECTOR, SCIENTIFIC AFFAIRS, ANIMAL PROTEIN PRODUCERS INDUSTRY ALEXANDRIA, VA.

"It is a useful book. . .It has surprising information."--Carrick Devine, Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand, in Food Technology in New Zealand"This book will be valuable to students, veterinarians, drug and feed manufacturers, livestock producers, ffood regulators and inspectors, as well as the lay public."-- Man Sen Yong, Health Canada, in Canadian Veterinary Journal."Clearly, there is no place for complacency with the large numbers of products used in animal health. With that in mind, this publication will be useful in providing background information on current methods of detection, areas where unwanted residues may arise and the steps that may help to protect public health."--Avian Pathology

• Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1. THE PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE /LESTER M. CRAWFORD, D.V.M., Ph.D. and DON A. FRANCO, DVM., M.P.H., Dipl. A.CVP.M. -- l . l Introduction -- 1.2 The Public Health Implications Associated with Antibiotics, Pesticides and Hormones -- 1.3 Summary -- I .4 References -- 2. PHARMACOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DISPOSITION OF DRUGS AND OTHER XENOBIOTICS /JUDI WEISSINGER, DVM., Ph.D. and LESTER M. CRAWFORD, DVM., Ph.D. -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2. 2 Absorption -- 2. 3 Route of Administration -- 2 .4 Distribution -- 2.5 Biotransformation -- 2.6 Excretion -- 2. 7 Bioavailability -- 2. 8 Residue Considerations -- 2. 9 References -- 3. PRINCIPLES A ND IMPLEMENTATION OF RESIDUE PROGR AMS IN ME AT AND POULTRY INSPECTION /RONALD E. ENGEL, D.V.M., Ph.D. -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Establishment of MRL:s (Tolerance or Action Levels) -- 3.3 Analytical Methods -- 3.4 Laboratory Quality Assurance -- 3.5 Criteria for Compound Evaluation and Selection -- 3.6 Statistical Design Criteria -- 3. 7 Education and Residue Avoidance -- 3.8 Enforcement Programs -- 3. 9 Conclusion -- 3. 10 References -- 4. METHODS OF DETECTION /RICHARD ELLIS, Ph.D. -- 4. I Introduction -- 4.2 Neeo for Regulatory Analytical Methods -- 4.3 Attributes of Regulatory Analytical Methods -- 4.4 Categories of Analytical Methods for Regulatory Programs -- 4.5 Method Development and Validation Procedures for Regulatory Methods -- 4.6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 4. 7 Examples of Regulatory Control Methods -- 4.8 Trends and Emerging Technologies -- 4. 9 International Considerations -- 4.10 Summary -- 4. 1 1 References -- 5. ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH /ROBERT C. WILSON, D.VM., Ph.D. -- 5. 1 Introduction -- 5.2 Incidence of Antibiotic Residues -- 5.3 Tests for Residues -- 5 .4 Sources of Residues -- 5.5 Public Health Significance of Antibiotic Drug Residues -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 References -- 6. CAUSES, DETECTION, AND CORRECTION OF SULFONAMIDE RESIDUES IN SWINE /RICHARD F. BEVILL, D.V.M., Ph.D. -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Causes of Sulfonamide Residues -- 6.3 Characteristics of Feed Handling or Water Systems Which Predispose to Carryover of Sulfamethazine from Medicated to Nonmedicated Rations -- 6.4 Detection of Sulfonamide Residues -- 6.5 Methods to Prevent or Reduce the Occurrence of Sulfa Residues -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.7 References -- 7. HORMONES /DON A. FRANCO, D.V.M., M.P.H , Dipl. ACVPM and CATHERINE E. ADAMS, Ph.D., R.D. -- 7. I Introduction -- 7.2 Classification -- 7.3 The Use, Action and Effects of Anabolic Agents in Food-Producing Animals -- 7.4 Public Health Impact /International Debate -- 7.5 Summary -- 7 .6 References -- 8. MISCELLANEOUS GROWTH PROMOTANTS /JUDI WEISSINGER, DVM , Ph.D. -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pharmacology -- 8.3 Pharmacokinetics -- 8.4 Toxicity -- 8.5 Veterinary Medical Use (Utilization) -- 8.6 Resistance -- 8.7 Residues in Edible Animal Tissues -- 8.8 Analyses and Assays -- 8.9 Summary -- 8.10 References -- 9. PARASITICIOES /T. B. BARRAGRY, Ph.D -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Benzimidazolcs -- 9.3 Salicylanilides and Substituted Phenols -- 9.4 lmidothiazoles-Levamisole -- 9.5 Organophosphates -- 9.6 Tetra Hydropyrimidines -- 9.7 Avermectins -- 9.8 Summary -- 9.9 References -- 10. PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN /W. D. BLACK, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D. -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Importance of Pesticides to Man -- 10.3 Characteristics of the Major Insecticide Groups -- 10.4 Usage oflnsecticides in Livestock -- 10. 5 Causes of Residues -- 10.6 Regional Differences in Pesticide Residues -- 10. 7 International Response -- 10.8 ADI's and MRL's -- 10. 9 Residues and Food Intake Determinations -- 10.10 National Response -- 10. 11 Residue Testing Programs -- 10.12 Impact of Residue Control Programs -- 10.13 Implications for Human Safety -- 10.14 Cancer Risk Assessment -- 10.15 Significance of Residues in Food -- 10.16 References -- 11. HERBICIDES /JOSEPH V. KITZMAN, D.V.M., Ph.D. -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Herbicides-What Are They? -- 1 1.3 EPA Toxicology Requirements for Herbicide Registration -- 1 1.4 Monitoring Herbicide Residue in Foods -- 11.5 References -- 12. DECON TAMIN ATION OF LIVESTOCK /WILLIAM T. BUCK. D.V.MM.S. -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 General Considerations -- 12.3 Potential Sources -- 12 .4 Field Cases 2 -- 12.5 Summary -- 12.6 References.