Artificially Intelligent Nanomaterials for Environmental Engineering

Peng Wang is Full Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering at the Water Desalination and Reuse Center of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia.Jian Chang, Master, is currently a research technician in Professor Peng Wang's group at KAUST.Lianbin Zhang is Full Professor of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China.

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• Preface xi1 Introduction 11.1 Global Challenges 11.2 Conventional Technologies in Environmental Science and Engineering 21.3 Nanotechnology 31.3.1 History of Nanotechnology Evolution 31.3.2 Concept and Definition 41.3.3 Fields of Current Applications 41.3.4 Nanotechnology in Environmental Engineering 51.4 Artificially Intelligent Materials 71.4.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Nanotechnology 71.4.2 Examples of Artificially Intelligent Nanomaterials 71.4.2.1 Energy Nanogenerator/Nanosensor (Piezoelectric/Triboelectric Materials) 71.4.2.2 Shape-Memory Materials 81.4.2.3 Actuator 91.5 Intelligent Environmental Nanomaterials 111.5.1 Overview 111.5.2 Self-Propelled Nanomotors 121.5.3 Intelligent Gating Membrane 121.5.4 Switchable Oil/Water Separation 121.5.5 Self-Healing Environmental Materials 121.5.6 Molecular Imprinting 131.5.7 Nanofibrous Membrane Air Filters 131.6 Introduction to the Book Chapters 13References 142 Fundamental Mechanisms of Intelligent Responsiveness 272.1 Overview of Intelligent Responsiveness 272.2 Responsiveness in the Polymer System 282.3 Thermoresponsiveness 292.3.1 LCST Thermoresponsiveness 302.3.2 UCST Thermoresponsiveness 322.3.2.1 Coulomb Interaction-Induced UCST Polymers (Polyzwitterions) 322.3.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding-Induced UCST Polymers 332.4 pH Responsiveness 342.4.1 pH-Responsive Basic Polymers 362.4.2 pH-Responsive Acidic Polymers 382.5 Photo-responsiveness 392.5.1 Azobenzene and Its Derivatives 412.5.2 Spiropyran-Based Polymers 422.5.3 Inorganic Photo-Responsive Materials 422.6 Metalic Ion Responsiveness 432.6.1 Poly(NIPAM-co-AAB18C6) 442.6.2 Poly(NIPAM-co-AAB15C5) (15-Crown-5) 452.7 Ion Strength Responsiveness 452.8 Redox Responsiveness 472.9 Multi-responsiveness 492.9.1 Dual Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 492.9.1.1 Thermo- and Photo-Responsive Polymers 492.9.1.2 Thermo- and pH-Responsive Polymers 492.9.1.3 Thermo- and Redox-Responsive Polymers 502.9.2 Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Polymers 502.9.2.1 Thermo-, Photo-, and pH-Responsive Polymers 502.9.2.2 Thermo-, Photo-, and Redox-Responsive Polymers 512.10 Conclusion 52References 523 Filtration Membranes with Responsive Gates 693.1 Membrane Separation for Water Purification and Desalination 693.2 Emerging Design and Concept of Filtration Membranes with Responsive and Intelligent Gates 703.3 Fabrication Methods of Intelligent Gating Membranes 713.3.1 Post-Modification Method 723.3.2 One-Step Formation Method 733.4 Application of Intelligent Gating Membranes to Environmental Separation 733.5 Thermoresponsiveness 743.6 pH Responsiveness 803.6.1 Polybase Gating Membranes 803.6.2 Polyacid Gating Membrane 833.7 Photo-responsiveness 853.7.1 Azobenzene-Based Gating Membranes 853.7.2 Spiropyran-Based Gating Membranes 873.8 Metallic Ion Responsiveness 893.9 Redox Responsiveness 913.10 Ion Strength Responsiveness 923.11 Dual and Multi-Stimuli Responsiveness 953.11.1 pH and Temperature Dual Responsiveness 953.11.2 Temperature and Ion Strength Dual Responsiveness 973.11.3 pH and Ion Strength Dual Responsiveness 973.11.4 Temperature, pH, and Ion Strength Multi-responsiveness 993.12 Conclusions 99References 1004 Switchable Wettability Materials for Controllable Oil/Water Separation 1134.1 Oil Spill Treatment 1134.2 Fundamentals of Special Wettability 1144.2.1 Surface Wetting Properties 1144.2.2 Liquid Wettability in Air 1154.2.3 Oil Wettability Underwater 1174.3 Special Wettable Materials for Oil/Water Separation 1184.4 Switchable Oil/Water Separation 1204.5 Surface Chemistry Behind Stimuli-Responsive and Switchable Wettability 1214.6 Temperature Responsiveness 1214.7 pH Responsiveness 1264.7.1 Pyridine-Based System 1264.7.2 Carboxyl-Based System 1294.7.3 Tertiary Amine-Based pH-Responsive Systems 1314.8 Photo-responsiveness 1324.8.1 Inorganic Photo-responsive Materials 1334.8.2 Organic Photo-responsive Materials 1354.9 Gas, Solvent, Ion, and Electric Field Responsiveness 1364.9.1 Gas Responsiveness 1364.9.2 Solvent Responsiveness 1394.9.3 Ion Responsiveness 1404.9.4 Electric Field Responsiveness 1414.10 Dual/Multi-stimuli 1434.11 Conclusion 143References 1455 Self-Healing Materials for Environmental Applications 1575.1 Biomimetic Self-Healing Materials 1575.2 Overview of Self-Healing Materials 1585.3 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 1595.3.1 Extrinsic Self-Healing Materials 1595.3.2 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 1605.4 Self-Healing Materials in Environmental Applications 1625.4.1 Self-Healing of Physical Cracks 1635.4.2 Self-Restoring of Surface Functional Components 1715.4.2.1 Chemical Mechanism 1715.4.2.2 Hydrophobic Self-Healing 1725.4.2.3 Hydrophilic Self-Healing 1745.4.3 Self-Cleaning of Contaminated Surfaces 1765.4.3.1 Superhydrophobicity-Induced Self-Cleaning 1765.4.3.2 Superhydrophilicity-Induced Self-Cleaning 1785.4.3.3 Photocatalytic Self-Cleaning 1815.5 Conclusion 183References 1856 Emerging Nanofibrous Air Filters for PM2.5 Removal 1976.1 Particulate Matter 1976.2 Traditional Technology 1986.3 Nanofibrous Membrane Air Filters 1996.3.1 Filtration Mechanism 1996.3.2 Fabrication Methods 2006.4 Applications 2016.4.1 Transparent Air Filter 2026.4.2 Air Filter for High Thermal Stability 2036.4.3 Air Filter for Thermal Management 2046.4.4 Air Filter for Mass Production 2066.4.5 Self-Powered Air Filter 2066.4.6 Nanofibrous Air Filter for the Simultaneous Removal of PM and Toxic Gases 2086.4.7 Nanofibrous Air Filter with Antibacterial Functions 2126.4.8 Air Filtration and Oil Removal 2146.5 Conclusion 216References 2167 IntelligentMicro/Nanomotors in Environmental Sensing and Remediation 2277.1 Self-Propelling Mechanism of Micro/Nanomotors 2287.1.1 Self-Electrophoretic Mechanism 2287.1.2 Microbubble Propulsion Mechanism 2297.1.3 Self-Diffusiophoresis Propulsion Mechanism 2307.1.4 External Field-Driven Micro/Nanomotors 2317.2 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors as Environmental Sensors 2337.3 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for Enhanced Organic Contamination Degradation 2417.4 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors as Efficient Antibacterial Agents 2457.5 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors as Efficient Miniature Absorbent 2487.5.1 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for the Removal of Oil Droplets 2487.5.2 Self-Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for the Removal of Molecules or Ions 2517.6 Conclusions 257References 2578 Molecular Imprinting Materials in Environmental Application 2658.1 Introduction 2658.2 Fundamental of MIT 2668.2.1 Covalent and Noncovalent Imprinting 2668.2.2 Essential Elements of Molecular Imprinting 2688.2.2.1 Target Templates 2688.2.2.2 Functional Monomers 2698.2.2.3 Cross-Linkers 2718.2.2.4 Porogenic Solvents 2718.2.2.5 Initiators 2718.2.3 Synthesis Methods of MIPs 2718.2.3.1 Free Radical Polymerization 2728.2.3.2 Sol–Gel Processes 2738.3 Molecular Imprinting in Environmental Applications 2738.3.1 Natural and Synthetic Dyes 2738.3.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds 2748.3.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2778.3.4 Pharmaceuticals and Pesticide 2778.3.5 Metal 2818.4 Conclusion 285References 2859 Emerging Synergistically Multifunctional and All-in-One Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in Advanced Environmental Applications 2999.1 Introduction 2999.2 An All-in-One, Point-of-Use Water Desalination Cell 2999.3 3D-Printed, All-in-One Evaporator for Solar Steam Generation 3009.4 All-in-One Photothermic Driven Catalysis and Desalination of Seawater Under Natural Sunlight 3019.5 All-in-One Design of Water Harvesting from Air Powered by Natural Sunlight 3029.6 All-in-One Textile for Personal Thermal Management 3049.7 Conclusion 305References 305Index 309