Joel Smoller - Böcker

General relativity is the modern theory of the gravitational ?eld. It is a deep subject that couples ?uid dynamics to the geometry of spacetime through the Einstein equations. The subject has seen a resurgence of interest recently, partlybecauseofthespectacularsatellitedatathatcontinuestoshednewlight on the nature of the universe. . . Einstein’s theory of gravity is still the basic theorywehavetodescribetheexpandinguniverseofgalaxies. ButtheEinstein equations are of great physical, mathematical and intellectual interest in their own right. They are the granddaddy of all modern ?eld equations, being the ?rst to describe a ?eld by curvature, an idea that has impacted all of physics, and that revolutionized the modern theory of elementary particles. In these noteswedescribeamathematicaltheoryofshockwavepropagationingeneral relativity. Shock waves are strong fronts that propagate in ?uids, and across which there is a rapid change in density, pressure and velocity, and they can bedescribedmathematicallybydiscontinuitiesacrosswhichmass,momentum and energy are conserved. In general relativity, shock waves carry with them a discontinuity in spacetime curvature. The main object of these notes is to introduce and analyze a practical method for numerically computing shock waves in spherically symmetric spacetimes. The method is locally inertial in thesensethatthecurvatureissetequaltozeroineachlocalgridcell. Although it formally appears that the method introduces singularities at shocks, the arguments demonstrate that this is not the case. The third author would like to dedicate these notes to his father, Paul Blake Temple, who piqued the author’s interest in Einstein’s theory when he was a young boy, and whose interest and encouragement has been an inspirationthroughout his adult life.

For this edition, a number of typographical errors and minor slip-ups have been corrected. In addition, following the persistent encouragement of Olga Oleinik, I have added a new chapter, Chapter 25, which I titled "Recent Results." This chapter is divided into four sections, and in these I have discussed what I consider to be some of the important developments which have come about since the writing of the first edition. Section I deals with reaction-diffusion equations, and in it are described both the work of C. Jones, on the stability of the travelling wave for the Fitz-Hugh-Nagumo equations, and symmetry-breaking bifurcations. Section II deals with some recent results in shock-wave theory. The main topics considered are L. Tartar's notion of compensated compactness, together with its application to pairs of conservation laws, and T.-P. Liu's work on the stability of viscous profiles for shock waves. In the next section, Conley's connection index and connection matrix are described; these general notions are useful in con­ structing travelling waves for systems of nonlinear equations. The final sec­ tion, Section IV, is devoted to the very recent results of C. Jones and R. Gardner, whereby they construct a general theory enabling them to locate the point spectrum of a wide class of linear operators which arise in stability problems for travelling waves. Their theory is general enough to be applica­ ble to many interesting reaction-diffusion systems.

General relativity is the modern theory of the gravitational ?eld. It is a deep subject that couples ?uid dynamics to the geometry of spacetime through the Einstein equations. The subject has seen a resurgence of interest recently, partlybecauseofthespectacularsatellitedatathatcontinuestoshednewlight on the nature of the universe. . . Einstein’s theory of gravity is still the basic theorywehavetodescribetheexpandinguniverseofgalaxies. ButtheEinstein equations are of great physical, mathematical and intellectual interest in their own right. They are the granddaddy of all modern ?eld equations, being the ?rst to describe a ?eld by curvature, an idea that has impacted all of physics, and that revolutionized the modern theory of elementary particles. In these noteswedescribeamathematicaltheoryofshockwavepropagationingeneral relativity. Shock waves are strong fronts that propagate in ?uids, and across which there is a rapid change in density, pressure and velocity, and they can bedescribedmathematicallybydiscontinuitiesacrosswhichmass,momentum and energy are conserved. In general relativity, shock waves carry with them a discontinuity in spacetime curvature. The main object of these notes is to introduce and analyze a practical method for numerically computing shock waves in spherically symmetric spacetimes. The method is locally inertial in thesensethatthecurvatureissetequaltozeroineachlocalgridcell. Although it formally appears that the method introduces singularities at shocks, the arguments demonstrate that this is not the case. The third author would like to dedicate these notes to his father, Paul Blake Temple, who piqued the author’s interest in Einstein’s theory when he was a young boy, and whose interest and encouragement has been an inspirationthroughout his adult life.