John P. Carter – författare

The Structure of Transcontinental Railroad Rates by Stuart Daggett and John P. Carter provides a detailed examination of how freight rate systems shaped—and constrained—the economic life of California during the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on published tariffs from 1943–1944 and comparative data supplied by carriers, the authors unpack the mechanics of rate-making, the geography of western rail routes, and the competitive interplay between railroads, highways, and intercoastal shipping. Their analysis foregrounds the immense challenges of distance, topography, and sparse population across the intermountain states, while also showing how carriers maintained dense main-line traffic despite weak local originations. The book illuminates how elevation, curvature, and ruling grades translated directly into costs and, in turn, into the complex tariff structures governing California’s eastbound and westbound trade.Beyond physical geography, the study delves into the institutional frameworks of rate bureaus, the distinctions between class and commodity rates, and innovations such as all-freight rates introduced to meet highway and water competition. With careful attention to technical detail, Daggett and Carter reveal the ways tariffs grouped western termini, segmented eastern destinations, and influenced pricing outcomes for commodities ranging from perishables to manufactured goods. While acknowledging the methodological challenges of sampling and causal inference, they nonetheless present a clear and systematic account of transcontinental freight charges as both an economic reality and a policy issue. For historians of transportation, economists of infrastructure, and policy specialists concerned with the integration of regional markets, this monograph remains an invaluable resource for understanding how railroad rates underpinned California’s wartime and postwar development.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1947.

The Structure of Transcontinental Railroad Rates by Stuart Daggett and John P. Carter provides a detailed examination of how freight rate systems shaped—and constrained—the economic life of California during the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on published tariffs from 1943–1944 and comparative data supplied by carriers, the authors unpack the mechanics of rate-making, the geography of western rail routes, and the competitive interplay between railroads, highways, and intercoastal shipping. Their analysis foregrounds the immense challenges of distance, topography, and sparse population across the intermountain states, while also showing how carriers maintained dense main-line traffic despite weak local originations. The book illuminates how elevation, curvature, and ruling grades translated directly into costs and, in turn, into the complex tariff structures governing California’s eastbound and westbound trade.Beyond physical geography, the study delves into the institutional frameworks of rate bureaus, the distinctions between class and commodity rates, and innovations such as all-freight rates introduced to meet highway and water competition. With careful attention to technical detail, Daggett and Carter reveal the ways tariffs grouped western termini, segmented eastern destinations, and influenced pricing outcomes for commodities ranging from perishables to manufactured goods. While acknowledging the methodological challenges of sampling and causal inference, they nonetheless present a clear and systematic account of transcontinental freight charges as both an economic reality and a policy issue. For historians of transportation, economists of infrastructure, and policy specialists concerned with the integration of regional markets, this monograph remains an invaluable resource for understanding how railroad rates underpinned California’s wartime and postwar development.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1947.

This book deals with the behaviour of soft ground improved by some of the more common methods, including the installation of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), or the installation of soil-cement columns formed by deep mixing, or the preloading of soft ground by application of a vacuum pressure in addition to, or instead of, a surcharge loading.  In particular, it describes the theories and the numerical modelling techniques that may be applied to these soft ground improvement schemes to estimate the immediate and time-dependent mechanical response of the in situ soil.  Particular emphasis has been placed on methods that reliably predict ground deformations associated with ground improvement techniques.The book commences with a brief description of the various ground improvement methods and then describes general techniques for modelling the behaviour of soft clay subsoils by the finite element method, as well as details of the methods for modelling soft soils improved by the installation of PVDs.  It also includes chapters describing the theory of vacuum consolidation and methods for calculating vacuum pressure-induced ground deformation, as well as a theory which can be used to predict the response of soft ground improved by the installation of soil-cement columns.  An important distinguishing feature of this book is the routine use of comparisons of predictions of the proposed models with the results of laboratory studies, and particularly field case studies, in order to validate the proposed methods of analysis.  The field case histories are from soft soil sites at various locations around the world.The book is directed towards students of geotechnical engineering as well as geotechnical practitioners.  In the main itprovides complete derivations of most of the important theoretical results, as the intention was to write a book that could be used as both a teaching text and a reference work for students and practitioners.Audience: The book is intended for geotechnical practitioners as well as for students.

This book deals with the behaviour of soft ground improved by some of the more common methods, including the installation of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs), or the installation of soil-cement columns formed by deep mixing, or the preloading of soft ground by application of a vacuum pressure in addition to, or instead of, a surcharge loading.  In particular, it describes the theories and the numerical modelling techniques that may be applied to these soft ground improvement schemes to estimate the immediate and time-dependent mechanical response of the in situ soil.  Particular emphasis has been placed on methods that reliably predict ground deformations associated with ground improvement techniques.The book commences with a brief description of the various ground improvement methods and then describes general techniques for modelling the behaviour of soft clay subsoils by the finite element method, as well as details of the methods for modelling soft soils improved by the installation of PVDs.  It also includes chapters describing the theory of vacuum consolidation and methods for calculating vacuum pressure-induced ground deformation, as well as a theory which can be used to predict the response of soft ground improved by the installation of soil-cement columns.  An important distinguishing feature of this book is the routine use of comparisons of predictions of the proposed models with the results of laboratory studies, and particularly field case studies, in order to validate the proposed methods of analysis.  The field case histories are from soft soil sites at various locations around the world.The book is directed towards students of geotechnical engineering as well as geotechnical practitioners.  In the main itprovides complete derivations of most of the important theoretical results, as the intention was to write a book that could be used as both a teaching text and a reference work for students and practitioners.Audience: The book is intended for geotechnical practitioners as well as for students.