Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon's publications were crucial to Tantra's visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra's vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon''s publications were crucial to Tantra''s visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra''s vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon''s publications were crucial to Tantra''s visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra''s vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

The ancient Indian epic, Mahabharata, was first composed in Sanskrit and then rendered into Indian vernaculars and other Asian and European languages. This book demonstrates how the epic has shaped the birth of modern politics and thought across India, Europe, Japan, China, Thailand, Iran, and the Arab world. It draws on methodologies of global intellectual and religious history. The contributing authors are specialists on various world-regions. They reveal how kings and peasants, statesmen and revolutionaries, intellectuals, and activists, have invoked the epic to forge their political visions over the past centuries. The epic has thus contributed to state formation, nationalism, as well as the decolonization and democratization of the modern world. This book helps us understand the non-Eurocentric roots of modern political and social ideas, in India and across Asia and Europe. We thereby understand the global origins of contemporary politics, society, and democracy.

This pioneering open access book offers a new take on esotericism by centering the often-overlooked contributions of East Asian thinkers to the development of this field of knowledge. The intellectual history of esotericism has long revolved around Western ideas about the East. This book tells a more complex and accurate story that traces global exchanges of ideas across East and West.Esotericism in East Asia critically examines how and why the language of ‘esotericism’ has become so ubiquitous in scholarship on Asian religious ideas and practices. It highlights the role of interactions between European and Asian scholars since the 16th century to show that Asian thinkers and their local contexts have crucially shaped our understanding of esotericism. With contributions focusing on a range of contexts in Japan and China, from Buddhism and Shinto to the Theosophical movement and occultism, this volume provides rich insights into how Asians have engaged with and influenced the study of esotericism across the globe.By introducing a new framework for studying esotericism in Asia from a perspective of global cultural exchange, this volume provides an important corrective to the Eurocentric approaches to studying esotericism that have dominated Western scholarship. As an invaluable reference for scholars working at the intersection of East Asian studies and esotericism, it lays the groundwork for more nuanced scholarship in the field.The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. This publication received financial support from the publication fund NiedersachsenOPEN, funded by zukunft.niedersachsen.

Offers a new approach to Theosophy that takes into account its global dimensions and its interaction with highly diverse cultural contexts.Theosophy across Boundaries brings a global history approach to the study of esotericism, highlighting the important role of Theosophy in the general histories of religion, science, philosophy, art, and politics. The first half of the book consists of seven perspectives on the activities of the Theosophical Society in very different regional contexts, ranging from India, Vietnam, China, and Japan to Victorian Britain and Israel, shedding new light on the entanglement of "Western" and "Oriental" ideas around 1900. The second half explores specific cultural influences that Theosophy exerted in the spheres of literature, art, and politics, using case studies from Sri Lanka, Burma, India, Japan, Ireland, Germany, and Russia. The examples clearly show that Theosophy was part of a truly global movement, thus providing an outstanding example of the complex entanglements of the global religious history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Offers a new approach to Theosophy that takes into account its global dimensions and its interaction with highly diverse cultural contexts.Theosophy across Boundaries brings a global history approach to the study of esotericism, highlighting the important role of Theosophy in the general histories of religion, science, philosophy, art, and politics. The first half of the book consists of seven perspectives on the activities of the Theosophical Society in very different regional contexts, ranging from India, Vietnam, China, and Japan to Victorian Britain and Israel, shedding new light on the entanglement of "Western" and "Oriental" ideas around 1900. The second half explores specific cultural influences that Theosophy exerted in the spheres of literature, art, and politics, using case studies from Sri Lanka, Burma, India, Japan, Ireland, Germany, and Russia. The examples clearly show that Theosophy was part of a truly global movement, thus providing an outstanding example of the complex entanglements of the global religious history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Die Studie behandelt den religiösen Charakter der wichtigsten sozialistischen Strömungen unter der Julimonarchie und ihr erstaunliches Fortbestehen in neuen religiösen Bewegungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als roter Faden dient dabei die Entwicklung des radikalen Sozialisten Alphonse-Louis Constant (1810-1875), der unter dem Pseudonym Eliphas Lévi als Begründer des Okkultismus gilt. Die umfangreiche Kontextualisierung seiner Schriften zeigt, dass er seine okkultistischen Ideen nicht etwa in einem „esoterischen“ Kontext entwickelte, sondern vor dem Hintergrund sozialistischer und so genannter „neo-katholischer“ Diskurse. Die dabei gewonnenen Einblicke erlauben die Hinterfragung festgeschriebener Rollen auf der Bühne der europäischen Religionsgeschichte. So erweist sich die weit verbreitete Annahme eines Antagonismus zwischen fortschrittlichen sozialistischen und reaktionären religiösen Kräften, der seinen Höhepunkt in der laïcité gefunden habe, als irreführend. Ebenso wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Notwendigkeit einer Neubewertung von Esoterik verdeutlicht. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur neue Sichtweisen auf die Politikgeschichte, sondern auch auf kontrovers diskutierte Prozesse der Modernisierung und Säkularisierung.

Die Studie behandelt den religiösen Charakter der wichtigsten sozialistischen Strömungen unter der Julimonarchie und ihr erstaunliches Fortbestehen in neuen religiösen Bewegungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als roter Faden dient dabei die Entwicklung des radikalen Sozialisten Alphonse-Louis Constant (1810-1875), der unter dem Pseudonym Eliphas Lévi als Begründer des Okkultismus gilt. Die umfangreiche Kontextualisierung seiner Schriften zeigt, dass er seine okkultistischen Ideen nicht etwa in einem „esoterischen“ Kontext entwickelte, sondern vor dem Hintergrund sozialistischer und so genannter „neo-katholischer“ Diskurse.

Die dabei gewonnenen Einblicke erlauben die Hinterfragung festgeschriebener Rollen auf der Bühne der europäischen Religionsgeschichte. So erweist sich die weit verbreitete Annahme eines Antagonismus zwischen fortschrittlichen sozialistischen und reaktionären religiösen Kräften, der seinen Höhepunkt in der laïcité gefunden habe, als irreführend. Ebenso wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Notwendigkeit einer Neubewertung von Esoterik verdeutlicht. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur neue Sichtweisen auf die Politikgeschichte, sondern auch auf kontrovers diskutierte Prozesse der Modernisierung und Säkularisierung.

Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon's publications were crucial to Tantra's visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra's vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon''s publications were crucial to Tantra''s visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra''s vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

Tantra has formed an integral part of Asian religious history for centuries, but since "Arthur Avalon" introduced the concept to a global readership in the early twentieth century, Tantric traditions have exploded in popularity. While it was long believed that Sir John Woodroffe stood behind Avalon, it was in fact mainly a collaboration between learned South Asians. Julian Strube considers Tantra from the Indian perspective, offering rare insight into the active roles that Indians have played in its globalization and re-negotiation in local Indian contexts.In the early twentieth century, Avalon''s publications were crucial to Tantra''s visibility in academia and the recognition of Tantra''s vital role in South Asian culture. South Asian religious, social, and political life is inexorably intertwined with various Tantric scriptures and traditions, especially in Shaiva and Shakta contexts. In Bengal, Tantra was central to cultural dynamics including Vaishnava and Muslim currents, as well as universalist tendencies incorporating Christianity and esoteric movements such as New Thought, Spiritualism, and Theosophy.Global Tantra contextualizes struggles about orthodoxy and reform in Bengal, and explores the global connections that shaped them. The study elides boundaries between academic disciplines as well as historical and regional contexts, providing insights into global debates about religion, science, esotericism, race, and national identity.

The ancient Indian epic, Mahabharata, was first composed in Sanskrit and then rendered into Indian vernaculars and other Asian and European languages. This book demonstrates how the epic has shaped the birth of modern politics and thought across India, Europe, Japan, China, Thailand, Iran, and the Arab world. It draws on methodologies of global intellectual and religious history. The contributing authors are specialists on various world-regions. They reveal how kings and peasants, statesmen and revolutionaries, intellectuals, and activists, have invoked the epic to forge their political visions over the past centuries. The epic has thus contributed to state formation, nationalism, as well as the decolonization and democratization of the modern world. This book helps us understand the non-Eurocentric roots of modern political and social ideas, in India and across Asia and Europe. We thereby understand the global origins of contemporary politics, society, and democracy.

This pioneering open access book offers a new take on esotericism by centering the often-overlooked contributions of East Asian thinkers to the development of this field of knowledge. The intellectual history of esotericism has long revolved around Western ideas about the East. This book tells a more complex and accurate story that traces global exchanges of ideas across East and West.Esotericism in East Asia critically examines how and why the language of ‘esotericism’ has become so ubiquitous in scholarship on Asian religious ideas and practices. It highlights the role of interactions between European and Asian scholars since the 16th century to show that Asian thinkers and their local contexts have crucially shaped our understanding of esotericism. With contributions focusing on a range of contexts in Japan and China, from Buddhism and Shinto to the Theosophical movement and occultism, this volume provides rich insights into how Asians have engaged with and influenced the study of esotericism across the globe.By introducing a new framework for studying esotericism in Asia from a perspective of global cultural exchange, this volume provides an important corrective to the Eurocentric approaches to studying esotericism that have dominated Western scholarship. As an invaluable reference for scholars working at the intersection of East Asian studies and esotericism, it lays the groundwork for more nuanced scholarship in the field.The ebook editions of this book are available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence on bloomsburycollections.com. This publication received financial support from the publication fund NiedersachsenOPEN, funded by zukunft.niedersachsen.

Offers a new approach to Theosophy that takes into account its global dimensions and its interaction with highly diverse cultural contexts.Theosophy across Boundaries brings a global history approach to the study of esotericism, highlighting the important role of Theosophy in the general histories of religion, science, philosophy, art, and politics. The first half of the book consists of seven perspectives on the activities of the Theosophical Society in very different regional contexts, ranging from India, Vietnam, China, and Japan to Victorian Britain and Israel, shedding new light on the entanglement of "Western" and "Oriental" ideas around 1900. The second half explores specific cultural influences that Theosophy exerted in the spheres of literature, art, and politics, using case studies from Sri Lanka, Burma, India, Japan, Ireland, Germany, and Russia. The examples clearly show that Theosophy was part of a truly global movement, thus providing an outstanding example of the complex entanglements of the global religious history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Offers a new approach to Theosophy that takes into account its global dimensions and its interaction with highly diverse cultural contexts.Theosophy across Boundaries brings a global history approach to the study of esotericism, highlighting the important role of Theosophy in the general histories of religion, science, philosophy, art, and politics. The first half of the book consists of seven perspectives on the activities of the Theosophical Society in very different regional contexts, ranging from India, Vietnam, China, and Japan to Victorian Britain and Israel, shedding new light on the entanglement of "Western" and "Oriental" ideas around 1900. The second half explores specific cultural influences that Theosophy exerted in the spheres of literature, art, and politics, using case studies from Sri Lanka, Burma, India, Japan, Ireland, Germany, and Russia. The examples clearly show that Theosophy was part of a truly global movement, thus providing an outstanding example of the complex entanglements of the global religious history of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Die Studie behandelt den religiösen Charakter der wichtigsten sozialistischen Strömungen unter der Julimonarchie und ihr erstaunliches Fortbestehen in neuen religiösen Bewegungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als roter Faden dient dabei die Entwicklung des radikalen Sozialisten Alphonse-Louis Constant (1810-1875), der unter dem Pseudonym Eliphas Lévi als Begründer des Okkultismus gilt. Die umfangreiche Kontextualisierung seiner Schriften zeigt, dass er seine okkultistischen Ideen nicht etwa in einem „esoterischen“ Kontext entwickelte, sondern vor dem Hintergrund sozialistischer und so genannter „neo-katholischer“ Diskurse. Die dabei gewonnenen Einblicke erlauben die Hinterfragung festgeschriebener Rollen auf der Bühne der europäischen Religionsgeschichte. So erweist sich die weit verbreitete Annahme eines Antagonismus zwischen fortschrittlichen sozialistischen und reaktionären religiösen Kräften, der seinen Höhepunkt in der laïcité gefunden habe, als irreführend. Ebenso wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Notwendigkeit einer Neubewertung von Esoterik verdeutlicht. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur neue Sichtweisen auf die Politikgeschichte, sondern auch auf kontrovers diskutierte Prozesse der Modernisierung und Säkularisierung.

Die Studie behandelt den religiösen Charakter der wichtigsten sozialistischen Strömungen unter der Julimonarchie und ihr erstaunliches Fortbestehen in neuen religiösen Bewegungen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Als roter Faden dient dabei die Entwicklung des radikalen Sozialisten Alphonse-Louis Constant (1810-1875), der unter dem Pseudonym Eliphas Lévi als Begründer des Okkultismus gilt. Die umfangreiche Kontextualisierung seiner Schriften zeigt, dass er seine okkultistischen Ideen nicht etwa in einem „esoterischen“ Kontext entwickelte, sondern vor dem Hintergrund sozialistischer und so genannter „neo-katholischer“ Diskurse.

Die dabei gewonnenen Einblicke erlauben die Hinterfragung festgeschriebener Rollen auf der Bühne der europäischen Religionsgeschichte. So erweist sich die weit verbreitete Annahme eines Antagonismus zwischen fortschrittlichen sozialistischen und reaktionären religiösen Kräften, der seinen Höhepunkt in der laïcité gefunden habe, als irreführend. Ebenso wird in diesem Zusammenhang die Notwendigkeit einer Neubewertung von Esoterik verdeutlicht. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur neue Sichtweisen auf die Politikgeschichte, sondern auch auf kontrovers diskutierte Prozesse der Modernisierung und Säkularisierung.