Peter S. Pershan - Böcker

The availability of synchrotron x-ray sources and the subsequent developments described in this book have led to substantial progress in our understanding of molecular ordering at liquid interfaces. This practical guide enables graduate students and researchers working in physics, chemistry, biology and materials science to understand and carry out experimental investigations into the basic physical and chemical properties of liquid surfaces and interfaces. The book examines the surfaces of bulk liquids, thin wetting films and buried liquid-liquid interfaces. It discusses experiments on simple and complex fluids, including pure water and organic liquids, liquid crystals, liquid metals, electrified liquid-liquid interfaces and interfacial monolayers of amphiphiles, nanoparticles, polymers and biomolecules. A detailed description of the apparatus and techniques required for these experiments is provided, and theoretical approaches to data analysis are described, including approximate methods such as the Master formula, the Born approximation, Parratt's algorithm and the Distorted Wave Approximation.

The authors are former students and research fellows of Prof Nicolaas Bloembergen, winner of the Nobel Prize, who has pioneered three distinct fields of science: NMR, masers and nonlinear optics. Each author has contributed a paper of current interest inspired by some aspect of Prof Bloembergen's 50-year career. This volume contains a historical record of one of the great scientists of the 20th century, including a complete bibliography of his papers, four of his most significant publications and evidence of his impact on generations of scientists.

The authors are former students and research fellows of Prof Nicolaas Bloembergen, winner of the Nobel Prize, who has pioneered three distinct fields of science: NMR, masers and nonlinear optics. Each author has contributed a paper of current interest inspired by some aspect of Prof Bloembergen's 50-year career. This volume contains a historical record of one of the great scientists of the 20th century, including a complete bibliography of his papers, four of his most significant publications and evidence of his impact on generations of scientists.

This book can serve as a missing guide for technical features of digital photography that many enthusiasts are unaware of or remain bewildered about. An interesting example is that cameras with sensor sizes differing by a factor of three or four can have the same size resolution. The advantages of sensors — found in larger and more expensive cameras — are elucidated to readers. Another example is the explanation to why the depth of field increases as the lens aperture becomes smaller. The transition from diffraction-limited to sensor-limited resolution is also discussed. Through these examples, one discovers that the optics of practical, thick compound lenses can be understood using the formulas for the more familiar thin lenses.The book further expounds on procedures that are necessary to obtain true color images. For example, CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors are equipped with color filters such that the intensity of the red, green and blue colors are recorded separately. Since the colors must be combined for print and digital displays, the separate colors recorded in the camera must somehow be merged. This process known as demosaicing is vividly explained. In fact, the technology for defining colors is a separate issue that is also treated in this book.Readers will learn that both our vision and computer displays respond in a nonlinear fashion that requires an operation known as gamma mapping, which is built into all monitors. An important takeaway for camera and photography enthusiasts is that in order to avoid moiré effects in certain types of photographs, most cameras have an anti-aliasing filter that has the unfortunate effect of smearing the resolution. This filter can, however, be removed in certain high-end cameras.