Robert E. Baldwin – författare

A viable system of international trade requires the active support of both the United States and the European Community, the world's largest trading partners and, consequently, the primary forces shaping the post-World War II international trading regime. In recent years, however, a series of disagreements have threatened the consensus supporting that regime. Differences have arisen over the relation of trade policy to balance-of-trade deficits, the terms of and actual compliance with the current General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and the proper agenda and procedures to be adopted in future multilateral trade negotiations. These differences, if left unresolved, will further weaken an already strained system. Issues in US-EC Trade Relations presents the results of a conference organized by the NBER and the Centre for European Policy Studies. In it, North American and European trade specialists offer theoretical, empirical, and historical analyses of some of the major issues on which American and Community officials disagree and also formulate realistic policies for settling present disputes. Contributors consider such topics as the legal aspects of trade between the two regions, agricultural policy, different ways the United States and members of the European Community use embargoes to attempt to induce foreign countries to change particular political actions, the growing trend toward protectionism and responses to this policy, international trade in services, and trade policy in oligopolistic environments. In most cases, each general subject is approached from both an American and a European perspective.

"Challenges to Globalization" evaluates the arguments of proglobalists and anti-globalists regarding issues such as globalization's relationship to democracy, its impact on the environment and on labor markets and wage levels, and the associated expansion of trade and its effects on prices. The contributors to this volume present surprising findings that often run counter to the claim that multinational firms primarily seek countries with low-wage labor.

Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960 explores the economic history of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) during the colonial period, focusing on the key role of export growth in the region's development. Conducted under the Ford Foundation’s Foreign Area Training Fellowship, the research primarily took place between 1960 and 1961, with an additional visit in 1962. The study examines the transformation of Northern Rhodesia’s economy from the 1920s through the 1960s, before the country gained political independence in 1964 and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved.While the book does not address the post-independence economic changes, it provides a detailed analysis of the period leading up to Zambia's independence. It outlines the impact of the export-driven economy, driven largely by the copper industry, on the region's development and its relationship with colonial structures. The author acknowledges the historical and political context of the time but refrains from incorporating recent political shifts, as the full effects of the newly independent government’s policies are yet to be understood. The study offers valuable insight into the economic history of Zambia, highlighting the role of export growth in shaping the country's economic landscape before independence.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1966.

Economic Development and Export Growth: A Study of Northern Rhodesia, 1920-1960 explores the economic history of Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) during the colonial period, focusing on the key role of export growth in the region's development. Conducted under the Ford Foundation’s Foreign Area Training Fellowship, the research primarily took place between 1960 and 1961, with an additional visit in 1962. The study examines the transformation of Northern Rhodesia’s economy from the 1920s through the 1960s, before the country gained political independence in 1964 and the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved.While the book does not address the post-independence economic changes, it provides a detailed analysis of the period leading up to Zambia's independence. It outlines the impact of the export-driven economy, driven largely by the copper industry, on the region's development and its relationship with colonial structures. The author acknowledges the historical and political context of the time but refrains from incorporating recent political shifts, as the full effects of the newly independent government’s policies are yet to be understood. The study offers valuable insight into the economic history of Zambia, highlighting the role of export growth in shaping the country's economic landscape before independence.This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1966.

The need for careful research on trade policy is particularly acute, and this volume empirically addresses these and many other important issues. The contributors offer studies which integrate the institutional details of current trade policy with creative economic analyses. Marked by a shift from a traditional reliance on simulation models, these papers take their inspiration from recent changes in the assumptions traditionally underlying research in international trade theory. No longer are government policies viewed as being somehow "given" to the researcher; in part 1, "Analyses with a Political Economy Perspective," four papers treat such policies as endogenous and explicable in terms of political economy. Neither are product and factor markets seen as perfectly competitive; instead, the three papers in part 2, "Trade Policy Effects under Imperfectly Competitive Market Conditions," assume that firms consider the actions of other companies when formulating their decisions. In part 3, "A New Measure of Trade Restrictiveness and Estimates of Trade Policy Effects with CGE Models," the first essay explores the quantitative restrictions on cheese to develop and implement a new model of restrictive trade. Two final contributions address problems for which simulation modeling is especially useful. The first considers the effectiveness of an import surcharge in reducing the U.S. trade deficit and the second treats the welfare effects of liberalization in South Korea where increasing returns to scale are significant These innovative studies focus on economic behavior that will provide valuable insights for policymakers, academic economists, and students.

This text provides a forum for leading specialists in trade and international economics to explore whether changes in the world economy have increased the usefulness of international accounts drawn up on the basis of ownership rather than on geography. The papers in this volume suggest that ownership-based national accounts are helpful in understanding trade and financial transactions among globalized enterprises. Individual chapters emphasize this perspective through accounting exercises, studies of individual countries, and studies of foreign direct investment and its relation to national economies. This volume gives trade and international economists the data and resources to renew discussion of this timely issue.

Interest in U.S. trade policy has been stimulated in recent years by the massive American trade deficit, by the belief that intervention by foreign governments in international markets has given other countries a competitive edge over the United States, and by concern about the increase in protectionism among industrial countries. In turn, major analytical developments in international economics have revolutionized trade theory, broadening its scope both by introducing in a more formal manner such concepts as imperfect competition, increasing returns, product differentiation, and learning effects and by including the study of political and economic factors that shape trade policy decisions. This collection of papers—the result of a conference held by the NBER—applies these "new" trade theories to existing world cases and also presents complementary empirical studies that are grounded in more traditional trade theories. The volume is divided into four parts. The papers in part 1 consider the problem of imperfect competition, empirically assessing the economic effect of various trade policies introduced in industries in which the "new" trade theory seems to apply. Those in part 2 isolate the effects of protection from the influences of the many economic changes that accompany actual periods of protection and also examine how the effects from exogenous changes in economic conditions vary with the form of protection. Part 3 provides new empirical evidence on the effect of foreign production by a country's firms on the home country's exports. Finally, in part 4, two key bilateral issues are analyzed: recent U.S.-Japanese trade tensions and the incident involving the threat of the imposition of countervailing duties by the United States on Canadian softwood lumber.