S. Sideman – författare

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic microscopic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these challenges. Briefly, our goals are: 1. To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from different areas of cardiology, identify missing links, and catalyze new questions. 2. To relate micro scale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. 3. To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. 4. To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological know how and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. Today we celebrate the 7th birthday of a dream come true; a dream to bring together the diversified expertise in the various fields of science, engineering and medicine, to relate to the numerous interactive parameters and disciplines involved in the performance of the heart.

The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address the following goals: (1) To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists and cardiologists, identify missing links, and catalyze new ideas. (2) To relate basic microscale phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. (3) To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. (4) To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological knowhow and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. The first Henry Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa in 1984, introduced the concept of interaction between cardiac mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion, and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macroscale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism, and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop, in 1987, continued the effort to elucidate the interactions among the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop, held in Cambridge, UK, in 1988, dwelt on the effects of inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance in health and disease. The sixth Workshop highlighted the role of new modem imaging techniques, that allow us to gain more insight into local and global cardiac performance in cardiac research and clinical practice.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these multivariable, multidisciplinary challenges. Briefly, our goals are: To encourage international cooperation and foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from the different areas of cardiology; to relate microscale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function; to relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data; to gain an integrated view of the various interacting parameters, identify missing links, catalyze new questions, and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. The outstanding success of past workshops has encouraged their continuation. The first Henry Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa in 1984, introduced the concept of interaction between mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic microscopic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these challenges. Briefly, our goals are: 1. To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from different areas of cardiology, identify missing links, and catalyze new questions. 2. To relate micro scale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. 3. To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. 4. To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological know how and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. Today we celebrate the 7th birthday of a dream come true; a dream to bring together the diversified expertise in the various fields of science, engineering and medicine, to relate to the numerous interactive parameters and disciplines involved in the performance of the heart.

The tenth Henry Goldberg Workshop is an excellent occasion to recall our goals and celebrate some of our humble achievements. Vision and love of our fellow man are combined here to: 1) Foster interdisciplinary interaction between leading world scientists and clinical cardiologists so as to identify missing knowledge and catalyze new research ideas; 2) relate basic microscale, molecular and subcellular phenomena to the global clinically manifested cardiac performance; 3) apply conceptual modelling and quantitative analysis to better explore, describe, and understand cardiac physiology; 4) interpret available clinical data and design new revealing experiments; and 5) enhance international cooperation in the endless search for the secrets of life and their implication on cardiac pathophysiology. The first Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa, in 1984, explored the interaction of mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University, in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macro scale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop continued the effort to elucidate the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop concentrated on the effect of the inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance. The sixth Workshop highlighted new imaging techniques which allow insight into the local and global cardiac performance.

The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address the following goals: (1) To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists and cardiologists, identify missing links, and catalyze new ideas. (2) To relate basic microscale phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. (3) To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. (4) To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological knowhow and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. The first Henry Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa in 1984, introduced the concept of interaction between cardiac mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion, and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macroscale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism, and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop, in 1987, continued the effort to elucidate the interactions among the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop, held in Cambridge, UK, in 1988, dwelt on the effects of inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance in health and disease. The sixth Workshop highlighted the role of new modem imaging techniques, that allow us to gain more insight into local and global cardiac performance in cardiac research and clinical practice.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these multivariable, multidisciplinary challenges. Briefly, our goals are: To encourage international cooperation and foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from the different areas of cardiology; to relate microscale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function; to relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data; to gain an integrated view of the various interacting parameters, identify missing links, catalyze new questions, and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. The outstanding success of past workshops has encouraged their continuation. The first Henry Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa in 1984, introduced the concept of interaction between mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic microscopic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these challenges. Briefly, our goals are: 1. To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from different areas of cardiology, identify missing links, and catalyze new questions. 2. To relate micro scale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. 3. To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. 4. To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological know how and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. Today we celebrate the 7th birthday of a dream come true; a dream to bring together the diversified expertise in the various fields of science, engineering and medicine, to relate to the numerous interactive parameters and disciplines involved in the performance of the heart.

The tenth Henry Goldberg Workshop is an excellent occasion to recall our goals and celebrate some of our humble achievements. Vision and love of our fellow man are combined here to: 1) Foster interdisciplinary interaction between leading world scientists and clinical cardiologists so as to identify missing knowledge and catalyze new research ideas; 2) relate basic microscale, molecular and subcellular phenomena to the global clinically manifested cardiac performance; 3) apply conceptual modelling and quantitative analysis to better explore, describe, and understand cardiac physiology; 4) interpret available clinical data and design new revealing experiments; and 5) enhance international cooperation in the endless search for the secrets of life and their implication on cardiac pathophysiology. The first Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa, in 1984, explored the interaction of mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University, in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macro scale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop continued the effort to elucidate the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop concentrated on the effect of the inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance. The sixth Workshop highlighted new imaging techniques which allow insight into the local and global cardiac performance.

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Two-Phase Systems

The ultrasound velocity tomography allows measurement of cardiac geometries for various phases in the cardiac cycle. The present tomograph makes reconstruc­ tions at intervals of 20 ms. Because of a lack of clear (intramural) landmarks (except the roots of the papillairy muscle), it is difficult to pinpoint spatial trajectories of particular points in the heart. Therefore, a second method was developed of injecting radiopaque markers in the heart and following their motion patterns during the cardiac cycle with help of a biplane X-ray equipment. The data obtained with both methods can be implemented in our finite element model of the heart to compute intramural stresses and strains. The results obtained sofar with the extended Darcy equation to account for the interaction of blood rheology and tissue mechanics look promising. Further testing with more sophisticated subjects than mentioned in Figure 9 is required before it will be implemented in our finite element model of the heart. We conclude that analysis of regional cardiac function, including regional myocardial blood flow, requires still a major research effort but the results obtained sofar justify, to our opinion, a continuation in this direction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. C. Borst and coworkers for doing the animal experiments and prof. Van Campen and dr. Grootenboer for their participation is some aspects of this work.

The basic mechanism underlying directional differences in excitability, con- duction velocity, andsafetyfactor thatleadtocircusmovementreentry incardiac muscle is generally attributed to a spatial difference in the refractory period as originally described by Mines [1] or to a depressed segment as described by Schmitt and Erlanger [2]. A departure from this depolarization in cardiac muscle involve quantities, such as Vmax' that are not directly descriptive of the underlying mechanisms of propagation.