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This open access book examines international law from a critical perspective, at a time when some would say that it is under an existential threat. The modern international institutions — collective security through the UN, the monetary order of the Bretton Woods system, and trade liberalisation anchored in the World Trade Organization — are all contested. Several of the contributions explore whether international lawyers might want to consider positioning themselves in opposition to this wave of contestation. While some aspects of the global system may be ripe for reform, the world stands at a crossroads: will an emerging multipolar order lead to greater instability, or might it fulfill some of the aspirations expressed in earlier critiques?The volume is structured around six central themes: critical doctrinalism, constructing and redefining identities, the role of scholars, the politics of historicising international law, international law as an instrument and a part of warfare, and reconsidering hegemony, imperialism, and colonialism.The aim is to deepen the understanding of what is at stake in the current state of the international world order. As such, the book is intended for scholars, students, and the general public. It is published in tribute to Pål Wrange, Professor in International Law at the Faculty of Law of Stockholm University.Mark Klamberg is a Professor in International Law at the Faculty of Law of Stockholm University in Sweden.Katinka Svanberg is a Senior University Lecturer in International Law and LL.D. from Stockholm University in Sweden.Love Rönnelid is a Senior Associate Lecturer in International Law at the Faculty of Law of Stockholm University in Sweden.

The European Yearbook of Constitutional Law (EYCL) is an annual publication initiated by the Department of Public Law and Governance at Tilburg University and devoted to the study of constitutional law.

The Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law provides a truly international forum for high-quality, peer-reviewed articles, commentaries on current developments, reports on state practice and documentation that have international humanitarian law as their focal point. The cosmopolitan character of the Yearbook is ensured by its international board of editors, drawn from outstanding experts in the field, as well as by its global network of correspondents, reporting on state practice. All aspects of international law applicable during international and internal armed conflicts are covered, in addition to interesting and significant developments in related fields, such as international criminal law, human rights law, disarmament law and refugee law. Distinguished by its topicality and contemporary relevance, the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law bridges the gap between theory and practice and serves as a useful reference tool for scholars, practitioners, military personnel, civil servants, diplomats, human rights workers and students.

In 1998, the City of The Hague commemorated its 750th anniversary. To emphasize the fact that The Hague has been an international judicial center of activities for the past decades, a special International Law Conference was organized by the T.M.C. Asser Instituut in co-operation with the 'Stichting 750 jaar Den Haag'. The programme of The Hague's 750th Anniversary International Law Conference concentrated on the following main themes: international criminal law, interstate dispute settlement, international commercial arbitration, international humanitarian law, private international law and the regulation of international trade. Within this framework, a number of panels were especially devoted to aspects of 'The Hague, Legal Capital of the World', i.e., concerning the International Court of Justice, the (future) International Criminal Court and the Iran--US Claims Tribunal. Leading experts as well as representatives of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the various international institutions based in The Hague participated in the programme. This publication is intended for anyone interested in an analysis of the law and practice in these institutions.

The International Criminal Court adopted its Statute in Rome in July 1998. Six months later, a seminar was held in the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which analysed the position of the ICC within the international arena, exploring its relationship to the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the Security Council. A number of contributions to the seminar are included in this volume, as well as essays that reflect on parts of the Statute or on the process by which it was created.

The reservation of title clause plays an importan role in contemporary trade. Financially, the reservation of title clause is a cheap and simple form of credit granted by the seller without the involvement of a third party. Legally, the reservation of title clause is more complicated, as it constitutes a transfer of title under a condition precedent; the seller remains the owner of the asset sold until the full price is paid. The rules of substantive law relating to the reservation of title clause differ from country to country. Uniform or harmonized rules of substantive law -- or even of private international law -- are wanting. In this book, the author addresses the question as to the problems which may arise if a reservation of title clause is employed within international transactions, especially transactions between Germany, France, and the Netherlands, and in which mode a solution can be found. She seeks the solution in private international law, since other means of addressing the problem, such as harmonization and unification of substantive law rules, have failed so far.The book is strong in the analysis of the various conflict of laws solutions and pioneering in how it deals with the question of the extent to which the rules of private international law in this field must be in compliance with European law. The consequences of the various modes in which such compliance may be achieved are carefully analysed. This study is an important contribution to the understanding of European integration in a hitherto relatively neglected subject area. The lucid tone of the book makes it suitable for a wide range of potential readers: both academics and practitioners in private international law and European law. From the preface by L. Strikwerda

Political/security, legal and economic aspects are highlighted in this volume's coverage of minority issues in Croatia, Estonia and Slovakia. Since these countries achieved independence as a result of the post-Cold War dissolution of their predecessor states, there is a relatively complex minority situation in all three--the result of changing state borders. This work contributes to identifying problem areas and the means and mechanisms to ensure adequate protection to minority groups.

The Asylum Acquis Handbook is a unique and comprehensive tool for those who have a sincere interest in contributing to a sound, common European asylum policy. Asylum has always been an intensively debated topic, and these days even more so than in the recent past. Virtually everyone has an opinion on the subject and the general consensus is that the European Union should strive for a common asylum policy. Yet, basic information is lacking: while there is talk on an `acquis', talk on `communitarization', the various discussions, so far, miss the firm foundation on which to build the common European asylum house. The Asylum Acquis Handbook seeks to fill this gap and serves as an important reference book with in-depth information on asylum-related topics, including: + an overview of the Acquis + the texts of the various relevant instruments + value-free commentaries + informative contributions, especially written for this Handbook by leading experts, and + additional information and sources.Noteworthy is the Preface with relevant parts of a thought-provoking keynote address, delivered by Antonio Vitorino, EU Commissioner for Justice and Home Affairs, at the 4th Metropolis Conference, Washington DC, December 1999. The Asylum Acquis Handbook enhances accessibility and transparency and will become an important source for policy makers, the executive, the media, students and all others concerned with the issue of asylum. Dr. Peter van Krieken's extensive UNHCR background, his role as special advisor on international affairs with the Netherlands Ministry of Justice/INS and his lecturing in international law and human rights at Webster University, Leiden, the Netherlands, made him the most suitable expert to compile and edit the Asylum Acquis Handbook. Dr. Van Krieken is actively involved in European asylum policy issues under CIREA, Phare assessment missions and related Twinning, Odysseus and Horizontal Programmes. He is also the editor of the book Refugee Law in Context: The Exclusion Clause, which was recently published by T.M.C.Asser Press.

Private Law in the International Arena contains fifty-seven original contributions authored by renowned lawyers from all over the World. It analyzes a wide variety of effects that cross-border activities have on the operation of private law, ranging from corporate and insolvency law to labor law, property law, the law of obligations, family law, European law and lex mercatoria. Civil procedure aspects, in national courts and arbitration proceedings, are also explored. This book provides a unique source of insights into the problems encountered and their possible solutions. It will be of interest to scholars and practitioners alike. All contributions have been written in honor of an eminent Private International Law scholar, Prof. Dr. Kurt Siehr of the University of Zurich.

This study analyzes the first century of the evolution of international adjudication as a permanent fixture of the international society. Through a case study approach, examining specific international courts, the study seeks to demonstrate the various limitations to effective adjudication on the international plane. By examining the 'Hague System' of adjudication, as manifest in the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the World Court, the structural limitation of a system predicated on volunteer acceptance of adjudication is drawn out. Beyond this most important limitation to ensuring full respect of the international rule of law, the 1908 Central American Court of Justice is considered to demonstrate the political machinations which can impede and, in this case, ultimately destroy an international court. Focus then shifts to a comparative study on the Inter-American and European courts of human rights during the 1980-1998 era to demonstrate how limits in financing and staffing reduced the Inter-American Court to a shadow of its European counterpart despite appearing similar on paper.The role which judges play in the process of adjudication is the final limitation which is considered. Various cases before the Yugoslav Tribunal are taken into account to demonstrate the extent to which judges have sought to establish an `effective' international criminal law system often at the expense of the rights of the accused. Finally, the European Court of Justice is examined to demonstrate that the rule of law can be effectively implemented internationally if States so desire and that it is simply the intransigence of States, over the last century, which has limited the rule of law on the international plane.

This book comes at a critical time for the future development of sports law. Sport is becoming increasingly commercialised and commodified and, presently, sports business accounts for around three per cent of world economic activity. Its regulation, however, is fragmentary and it is difficult to delineate issues of pure sport and issues of business. In several contributions, eminent sports law scholars examine the interface between sport, business and policy. They analyze how law regulates sport and sports business and demonstrate the need to redefine the frontier between 'Sporting' rules and regulations and legal regulation. It is suggested that sporting bodies and associations have a significant role to play in shaping the contours of this frontier. It is also suggested that there is sufficient clarity in EU policy, which allows sports associations to become proactive in their own re-regulation. Professional Sport in the European Union: Regulation and Re-regulation engages the debate concerning how best sport can be re-regulated in the 21st century and represents a significant contribution to the recognition of a Lex Sportiva.

Throughout the history of the European continent minorities have had a significant impact on political stability and security. Currently, most of the situations involving internal tension, as well as conflicts, whether internal or international, involve inter-ethnic relations. It is therefore not surprising that the international community at large and - for the European minorities more importantly -- the European institutions have placed minority issues high on their agenda. One of these issues concerns minority languages, the subject of the present volume. The possibility to communicate and to be educated in one's own language is one of the most crucial aspects of a person's and a group's identity. This book deals with minority languages in the OSCE area in a systematic way. It provides information which facilitates discussion in scientific, governmental and non-governmental circles dealing with both human rights protection and security issues and assists in finding solutions to particular situations concerning minority languages.In the first part of the book, academics and experts from various countries subject a number of questions concerning the linguistic rights of minorities to scientific scrutiny. The second part deals with activities and developments within major international organizations and the third part provides a survey of relevant national legislation and documents. This volume contains the most extensive collection of both international and national documents and excerpts from documents relating and/or relevant to the linguistic rights of minorities. It is a valuable source of reference to public and academic work and, as such, is an indispensable tool in the development of rules and policies which protect the linguistic rights of persons belonging to minorities.

What can and should be done if a rejectee or an illegal alien claims to suffer from a serious illness which can only be treated in the country where a residence permit has been sought and/or refused? Should health be considered and accepted as a ground for granting an alien access to a specific country and its health services? A debate concerning these and other health, migration and return issues is much needed as answers to the challenging questions involved should be formulated. Various disciplines should take an active role in the discussion as fences need to be taken down: the legal experts and migration lawyers need to know the medical and societal implications, the ethics involved have to be clarified, the role played by the North-South relationship has to be determined and, finally, medical staff need to be informed of the human rights issues at stake. This Handbook, with contributions by experts from WHO, IOM and academia, contains a wealth of relevant background documents and also offers a complete overview of theories from various disciplines.It will serve as a basis for a wider debate, covering: + the right to health + medical norm-setting + ethics + the right to migration + the duty to return + health and migration + Strasbourg case law + the need for information and harmonization. Health, Migration and Return analyses the intricate relationship from a variety of perspectives. It will provide important tools to the legal and medical professions and will also become an indispensible source for policy makers, the executive, the media, students and all others interested in issues of migration.

This book seeks to stimulate discussion on relations and conflicts between the EU and international legal orders.

Europe has finally started to debate migration. A timely debate indeed, as many migrants have over the last 30 years entered the European Union without the cover of a proper and well-defined policy. Many arguments are being put forward in this respect: Europe faces a shortage of labour, not enough children are being born, future pension bills can not be met, globalization should result in accepting aliens, and so on. Yet, hardly any effort has been undertaken to put all such arguments into their proper context and to list what Europe and the European Union in particular have already agreed upon.This Migration Acquis Handbook (an equivalent to the Asylum Acquis Handbook fills the many gaps by providing: + an overview of EU instruments in an accessible and transparent manner, with the necessary division as per: entry, sojourn, integration and return; + due attention to EC Commissioner Vitorino's communication on migration and his call for a debate; + the reproduction of relevant non-European international (UN) instruments; + moreover, an overview of the context and contents of the most hotly-contested issues: ageing and demography, globalization, illegal migration, trafficking and family reunification. This Handbook describes and provides the foundation for a common European Migration Policy and should be considered an extremely useful tool, if not indispendable for the executive, students, policy makers, the media and all others interested in this exceedingly important topic. From the Preface by Dr.Rolf Jenny, Director of the Geneva-based International Migration Policy Programma (IMP) `We believe that this Handbook will significantly contribute to supporting and clarifying the ongoing debate on migration as Europe moves forward with the establishment of a common migration policy, based on co-operation and partnership with migrant source countries, equitable protection and treatment of third-country nationals, and best practices in migration management.We also believe that the Handbook will contribute to a better overall understanding of the migration challenges at hand, and the gradual development of a 'common language in migration' among those who, from often differing perspectives, deal with the matter in sending, transit and receiving countries.'

This book offers the first comprehensive application of competition analysis to European broadcasting.

The studies, debates and suggestions collected in this work are the result of an international conference on European Law held in September 2000, organized by the T.M.C. Asser Institute in The Hague, in cooperation with the Constitutional and Legal Policy Institute COLPI, Budapest, Hungary. The subject of the conference concerned the impact of the enlargement of the European Union on the constitutional provisions of both levels of legal order: the national and the European level. At the National level, enlargement will, most likely, contribute in many candidate countries to constitutional modernization and fundamental changes. Constitutional provisions have to be regulated and adjusted before accession. Provisions of national constitutions contrary to or contradicting the acquis communautaire have to be amended. National courts interpreting these constitutions (living constitutions) will play a new important independent role as community courts. After accession these national courts of the candidate countries should accept and apply the principles of direct effect, direct applicability and supremacy of community law.At the EU level reorganization and simplification of the Treaties as well as reform of the EC=s institutions (European Parliament, Council, Commission and European Court of Justice) should increase the effectiveness of the legal order of the Union. The contributions in this Volume are grouped around five major themes: i. the European architecture, i.e., the constitutional order and the Charter of Fundamental Rights; ii. the impact of enlargement on constitutions and courts of EU Member States; iii. the impact of enlargement on the constitutions and courts of the candidate countries; iv. the IGC and future perspectives for the European architecture; and v. the practical implementation of the challenges of accession. The contributors, coming from Member States as well as all candidate countries, are representatives and legal experts from national governments, from the EC Institutions, the national judiciary and the academic world (European and constitutional law). The contributions are preceded by a Report on the Conference and followed by Conclusions and Summing up of the Conference. The Annexes include, a.o., documents from the European Council of Nice (December 2000), such as the `Protocol and Declaration of Enlargement', `Declaration on the Future of the Union' and the `Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union'.This book is essential and vital as background information for the broad discussion which will start on the basis of the `Declaration on the Future of the Union' from the European Council of Nice (December 2000), and which process of debates will continue with appropriate initiatives after the `Declaration of Laeken' from the Belgian Presidency (December 2001) till the new Conference of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, to be convened in 2004.

This volume contains the basic documents on the 'administration of justice', i.e., the law on disputes and disciplinary action, in the international sporting world. Included are the Statutes of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, its Rules for the resolution of Disputes during the Olympic Games and its Mediation Rules. The following categories of rules concerning the international Olympic Sports federations are reproduced in the relevant section: arbitral and disciplinary rules in the statutes, constitutions, bye-laws and general regulations; special arbitral and/or disciplinary rules and regulations; disciplinary rules that are embodied in the international competition regulations of the international federations; and disciplinary rules in the 'laws of the game' per sport. This collection of documents is a timely and welcome contribution to enhancing the accessibility of basic texts on international sports law, and provides an invaluable source of reference for sports officials, legal practitioners and the academic world.

This volume is presented to the English-speaking world in commemoration of the centenary of the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899 and its continuation at the Second Hague Peace Conference of 1907. The International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration thought that to mark the centenary of the First Conference it would be appropriate to make widely available in English the reports of the competent Commissions of each Conference dealing with the pacific settlement of international disputes and the Permanent Court of Arbitration, together with the proposal of the Second Conference for a permanent court of arbitral justice. The reports of the Commissions in the 1899 and 1907 conferences contain a full account of the considerations that prevailed in the negotiation of every provision of each Convention. They are authoritative commentaries on each Convention. This important book will facilitate access to the drafting history of the 1899 and 1907 Hague Peace Conventions and as such will be of interest to practitioners, historians and scholars of international law.

The debate over regionalism and the multilateral trading system intensifies in the WTO as dozens of regional trade agreements are declared to be exceptions to GATT's most-favoured nation obligation. Commentators debate whether such agreements are 'stepping stones' to freer world trade, and WTO Members remain unsettled on criteria to determine the compatibility of agreements with the multilateral trading system. This book addresses legal aspects of GATT Article XXIV and its 'internal' trade requirements as they define the WTO gateway for regional trade agreements.

Over the past several years, International Humanitarian Law has moved from the margins to the forefront of international attention. Wars and the laws of armed conflict have become the legitimate concern of all serious scholars of international law. The Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law is a timely response to the recent explosion of academic interest in international humanitarian law. It provides a truly international forum for high-quality, peer-reviewed articles, commentaries on current developments, reports on state practice and documentation that have international humanitarian law as their focal point. The cosmopolitan character of the Yearbook is ensured by its international board of editors, drawn from outstanding experts in the field, as well as by its global network of correspondents, reporting on state practice. All aspects of international law applicable during international and internal armed conflicts are covered, in addition to interesting and significant developments in related fields, such as international criminal law, human rights law, disarmament law and refugee law.Distinguished by its topicality and contemporary relevance, the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law bridges the gap between theory and practice and serves as a useful reference tool for scholars, practitioners, military personnel, civil servants, diplomats, human rights workers and students. Features: The Yearbook features long, in-depth articles and shorter contributions in its Articles and Current Developments sections. All articles and current developments are peer-reviewed, and the emphasis is on contemporary developments of pressing importance. Uniquely, the Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law also includes Correspondents' Reports, a detailed guide to state practice concerning International Humanitarian Law, compiled from information gathered by the Yearbook's worldwide network of correspondents. Containing information and expert commentaries on legal developments concerning international humanitarian law for an-ever increasing number of states, Correspondents' Reports is the world's only systematic review of state practice in the field of humanitarian law. In addition, the Yearbook offers an extensive section of documents, grouped according to subject.As from the second Volume (1999) it also features a comprehensive bibliography of IHL publications.

Worldwide, the urge is being felt to pave the way towards the introduction of an electronic government. Many countries recognise the potential of digital aids in providing information and services to citizens, organisations and companies. Recent developments have put pressure on the legislature to provide an adequate legal framework for electronic administrative communication. Thus, various countries have started to draft provisions in their administrative law in order to remove legal impediments that hamper electronic services from public administrations. Written by specialists from different countries, E-Government and its Implications for Administrative Law provides an overview and analysis of such legislative developments in France, Germany, Norway and the United States. What approach has been taken in these countries? What specific provisions have been formulated to facilitate electronic administrative communication and at what level? What requirements are introduced to gain sufficient trust in electronic service delivery?In providing an in-depth analysis of the legislative projects in the various countries, this book gives a glance at the differences in policy making as well as the lessons that can be learned for future regulatory projects to amend administrative law for the digital era.

The 2000 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law contains expert articles on issues such as `General International Law in the European Court of Justice: From Hypothesis to Reality'; `Environmental Non-compliance Procedures and International Law'; and `The Legal Status of the 1989 Australia--Indonesia Timor Gap Treaty Following the End of Indonesian Rule in East Timor'. The documentation section surveys Dutch state practice for the parliamentary year 1998--1999; international agreements to which The Netherlands is a party; Netherlands judicial decisions and municipal legislation involving questions of public international law; and Dutch literature in the field of public international law and related matters. This Yearbook is included in the 2000 subscription to the Netherlands International Law Review.

Netherlands Insolvency Law is the first book in the English language covering the Netherlands insolvency law as a whole with a focus on bankruptcy and the most important legal concepts pertaining to bankruptcy. It provides the reader with an understanding of the Netherlands Bankruptcy Act, which is the main source of insolvency law in the Netherlands, by laying out the primary law in an order and manner which is logical and comprehensive. Where necessary, guidance has been sought in the parliamentary notes and the interpretation of the law in landmark cases. Furthermore, grey areas and divergence of views have been highlighted. Concepts that are covered include actio pauliana, set-off, corporate liability and wrongful act. Pledges and mortgages, being the most important security rights in the Netherlands, are also discussed, as is the EU Insolvency Regulation (2000) and its impact on the Netherlands insolvency practice. Netherlands Insolvency Law is a practical book for use by internal and external legal counsel, Dutch and non-Dutch companies, students, academics and practitioners alike. Throughout the book summaries are included to highlight key points.The book is complemented by, inter alia, a Further Reading section, a Bibliography, a Table of Cases and a General Index. `Declercq has successfully managed to strike such a balance that, on the one hand, the book offers the reader more than an average introduction, while on the other hand, it is not weighed down in a quagmire of technical detail.' from the Preface by Professor A.I.M. van Mierlo, Erasmus University Rotterdam

With a Foreword by Judge Keba Mbaye, President of the International Court of Arbitration for Sport, Lausanne, Switzerland. Mediating Sports Disputes: National and International Perspectives is the first book that deals with extra-judicial settlement of sports disputes through mediation. It reflects the growing interest in and importance of alternative dispute resolution methods for settling sports-related disputes, at the national and international levels. As sport has developed in recent years into a global business, the number of disputes has risen exponentially and the need for alternative forms of dispute resolution has grown significantly too. Mediation can be used successfully in a wide range of sports disputes, including an increasing number of commercial and financial ones. But its effectiveness depends on the willingness of the parties in dispute to compromise and reach creative and amicable solutions in their own interests and also those of sport. The growing importance of mediation in the sporting arena has been recognised and reflected by the introduction in 1999 of a Mediation Service by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne.The book adopts an essentially practical approach, but also provides an explanation of the theoretical background to the subject. The book also collects together a wide-ranging set of relevant and useful texts and documentation. Mediating Sports Disputes: National and International Perspectives is a useful tool for all those concerned with the effective and amicable resolution of sports disputes of whatever kind or nature, including sports governing bodies and administrators, marketeers, event managers, sponsors, merchandisers, hospitality providers, sports advertising agencies, broadcasters, and legal advisers.

In this book the author focuses on the search for a global legal framework that covers activities affecting archaeological and/or historic valuable shipwrecks in waters beyond national jurisdiction. Three regimes are investigated as to their applicability: The Law of the Sea Convention 1982; the system of admiralty law as adapted to these particular circumstances and used by US courts; and the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. When analysing the relevant articles of the regimes, additional critical commentary is provided. This volume provides policy-makers, commercial explorers, archaeologists, scholars and students with an overview of the relevant, existing public international law as well as questions that need to be solved in order to regulate activities affecting archaeological and/or historic valuable shipwrecks. In addition, it may serve as a guide for the interpretation of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.

Terrorism is often presented as the scourge of the 21st century. Yet, the September 2001 events did not come out of the blue as terrorism is not a new phenomenon. Perhaps new are the widespread scale and the audacity thereof. Similarly, the efforts to create the legal framework to combat terrorism go back a great many years. New, however, is the comprehensive and concise approach. Terrorism and the International Legal Order introduces the reader to the various aspects surrounding the efforts which have been undertaken to enhance cooperation and coordination in the war against terrorism. It deals with jurisdiction and extradition, with the ICC and the ICJ, with safe havens and cross-border aspects. Van Krieken takes the reader back to the basics of international law. He brings together dozens of key documents on terrorism in the context of the international legal order, all preceded by succinct introductions. He pays ample attention to all the UN organs, the Security Council and ECOSOC in particular, and to the European Union and its efforts to harmonize legislation.As fear exists that the fight against terrorism will erode the human rights regime, Van Krieken puts human rights in the broader context of international law and the quest for peace and justice. But he also extensively addresses the issue of asylum seekers and migrants who may have been, are, or might become involved in terrorism-related acts. All relevant arguments and instruments have been presented in an illustrative and accessible manner.

'Each State Party shall cooperate with other States Parties and afford the appropriate form of legal assistance ...' These words mark the beginning of the obligation for states to work together to enforce a multilateral normative treaty. Terrorism and transnational criminal activity heighten the need for harmonisation and improved coordination between enforcement agencies internationally. This volume addresses current national, regional and international practice from the perspective of 'lessons learned' by government officials, private practitioners, prosecutors, police and customs officials, staff members of international courts or treaty-implementing bodies, and academics who gathered in an OPCW international symposium in February 2001. Their work has since been updated and supplemented to include considerations emerging in the aftermath of 11 September 2001. Topics include problems with divergent national implementing legislation, concurrent jurisdiction, extradition, the role of victims and witnesses, export controls, protection of national security or confidential business information in judicial proceedings, and terrorism.