Introduction to Animal Science

W. Stephen Damron was born and raised on a diversified farm in Martin, Tennessee. He received his BS from the University of Tennessee-Martin (1975) in Agricultural Science and Master’s (1978) and PhD (1982) degrees from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville in Ruminant Nutrition. He joined the Animal Science Department Oklahoma State University in 1988 after having taught at the University of Hawaii-Hilo and The University of Wisconsin-River Falls. Dr. Damron’s teaching career is characterized by rigorous courses on a variety of topics taught in multiple delivery systems. He has developed and taught over 30 courses. He has also taught five distance education courses, which annually enrolled several hundred students from across the United States and around the world. As a faculty member, Dr. Damron advised a large number of students and is known for his care and concern for students. He has been the faculty advisor to 13 separate student organizations and the academic advisor to over 1500 students at OSU alone. For many years, he coordinated the Animal Science Department’s large scholarship program. He also served the department as Teaching Coordinator, Diversity Coordinator, and Research Scholar Co-coordinator. He has served on numerous departmental, college, university, professional, and community committees and councils. Dr. Damron’s text, Introduction to Animal Science: Global, Biological, Social, and Industry Perspectives, is used extensively in the United States and abroad. In its fifth edition, it has also been published in an international edition and a Chinese translation. Dr Damron has received 26 teaching and advising awards and recognitions. From 2011 to present Dr. Damron has been the Assistant Dean of Academic Programs in the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources at Oklahoma State University. Dr. Damron’s wife, Rebecca, is currently the Director of the OSU Writing Center and a member of the English faculty at OSU. Their son, Joshua, is a PhD candidate at the University of Michigan and their daughter, Aubryana Peterson, resides in Dallas where she is an event planner and her husband, Cameron, is a Dallas police officer.

• Preface PART ONE: THE PLACE OF ANIMALS AND ANIMAL SCIENCE IN THE LIVES OF HUMANS 1. Introduction to the Animal Sciences Learning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionAnimal Science SpecialtiesAnimal DistributionContributions of Animals to HumanityFood SourceOther UsesThe Future of Livestock ProductionSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 2. The Value of Animals to HumanityLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionThe Food Uses of Agricultural AnimalsRed Meat and Poultry ProductionEdible Slaughter By-ProductsMilk and Milk ProductsPoultry and EggsMiscellaneous Food UsesThe Value of Animal Products in the Human DietThe Nonfood Uses of Agricultural AnimalsBody CoveringsPower SourcesBody WastesPest and Weed ControlStorage of Capital and FoodCultural UsesNonfood or Inedible Slaughter By-ProductsHuman Health ResearchIncomeConservationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 3. Factors Affecting World Agricultural StructureLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionAdaptationArtificial EnvironmentsAdaptive ChangesClimatic Environments of the WorldTropical ClimatesDesertsCold EnvironmentsTemperate ClimatesSocial and Cultural DifferencesReligionLevels of Economic DevelopmentLevels of Agricultural DevelopmentEconomic Institutions and AgriculturalDevelopmentSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 4. Worldwide Systems of Agricultural ProductionLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionNomadism and TranshumanceShifting Cultivation and Rudimentary SedentaryTillagePaddy Rice FarmingPeasant Grain, Tuber, and Livestock FarmingRanchingCommercial Crop and Livestock FarmingCommercial Livestock FinishingCommercial Dairy FarmingCommercial Grain FarmingMediterranean AgricultureMarket GardeningCommercial PlantationUrban AgricultureAquacultureDeveloped Versus Subsistence AgricultureComparison of the Livestock Industry in the Developed and the Developing CountriesSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences PART TWO: THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 5. Introduction To NutritionLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionNutrients and their UsesBody Functions and Nutrient NeedsFeed AnalysisDetermining the Value of Feedstuffs to AnimalsExpressing Feed Composition on a Dry-Matter (DM) BasisMeasures of EnergyEnergy Content of NutrientsEfficiency of Energy UseNutrient RequirementsRation FormulationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 6. The Gastrointestinal Tract and NutritionLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionClassification of Digestive SystemsAn Overview of the Steps of DigestionDigestion in the PigDigestion in the RuminantThe Fermentation ProcessAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Ruminant SystemDigestion in the AvianDigestion in the HorseSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 7. Feedstuffs ClassificationLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionFeedstuff CategoriesDry Forages and RoughagesPasture, Range Plants, and Green ForagesSilagesCharacteristicsEnergy FeedsProtein SupplementsMineral and Vitamin SupplementsNonnutritive AdditivesSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 8. GeneticsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionThe GenePrinciples of InheritanceMitosis and MeiosisMitosisMeiosisGene ExpressionDominant and Recessive ExpressionCodominanceIncomplete DominanceEpistasisMultiple AllelesTestcrossingSex-Related InheritanceSex-Linked InheritanceSex-Influenced InheritanceSex-Limited TraitsPopulation GeneticsGene FrequencyAnimal Breeding and Population GeneticsMutation and Genetic DriftMigration and SelectionQuantity Versus Quality TraitsQualitative and Quantitative TraitsHeritabilitySystems of MatingBiotechnology and Genetic EngineeringSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 9. Animal BreedingLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionBeef Cattle Genetic ImprovementHeritabilityGenetic CorrelationsPerformance InformationGenetic Evaluation, Breeding Value, and Expected Progeny DifferenceGrowth Trait EPDsBreed Average EPD and Base YearAccuracyPossible ChangeSire SummariesMaternal Trait EPDsMilk EPDCombined Maternal EPDCarcass EPDMature SizeUse of EPDsUse of EPDs for Selection in Seedstock HerdsUse of EPDs for Selection in Commercial HerdsPedigree Estimated EPDsAcross-Breed EPDsEPDs and CrossbreedingDairy Cattle Genetic ImprovementHeritability EstimatesAssociations Among TraitsGoal Setting and Trait EmphasisGenetic Evaluation ProceduresDHI SystemAnimal ModelSire SelectionSwine Genetic ImprovementPerformance InformationGenetic ParametersBreeding Value and Expected Progeny DifferenceSwine BreedsStagesSheep Genetic ImprovementBreed and Breed TypesSelectionNational Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP)Heterosis in Sheep BreedingSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 10. Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionNuts and Bolts of Genetic EngineeringRestriction EnzymesGene CloningPolymerase Chain ReactionGene MappingBiotechnology and/or Genetically Engineered OrganismsApplications of BiotechnologyMicropropagationTransgenic animalsLivestockAgricultural ApplicationsDisease ResistanceBiomedical ApplicationsTransgenic PetsMedicineGenetic TestingGene TherapyPharmacogenomicsMicroorganisms and Recombinant DNATechnologyDrug and Vaccine ProductionBiotechnology and pest managementBacteria engineered for the foods industrySocietal ConcernsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 11. Animal ReproductionLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionPubertyEndocrinologyAnatomyFemaleMalePregnancyParturitionEnvironmental Influences on ReproductionTechnology and ReproductionArtificial InseminationEstrous SynchronizationEmbryo Transfer“In Vitro” FertilizationReproduction in Poultry and BirdsHenCockSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 12. LactationLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionMammary Gland Development, Anatomy, and FunctionComponents of MilkCarbohydratesProteinLipidsCalciumOther Factors in Milk ProductionSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 13. Animal BehaviorLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionAreas of Study in Animal BehaviorCommunicationAggression and Social StructureBiological Rhythms and SleepSexual BehaviorMaternal BehaviorDevelopment of BehaviorLearningIngestive Behavior: Food and Water IntakeBehavioral DisordersLivestock BehaviorTemperamentTraining and Habituating Livestock to Handling and RestraintEffects of NoveltyVisionNoiseFlight ZoneHerd AnimalsGenetic DifferencesHandler DominanceHandling Facility LayoutImproved Handling PracticesObjective Scoring of HandlingSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 14. Animal HealthLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionDiseaseCauses of DiseaseDescribing DiseaseDiagnosis of DiseaseVeterinary Services AvailableMobileAnimal Clinics/HospitalsProgrammed Health ManagementResident VeterinarianDiagnostic ServicesThe Body’s Defense Against DiseaseHerd HealthManagementNutritionGeneticsPreventionAnimal Disease and Human Well-BeingEmotional LossAnimal Disease and Human HealthAnimal Disease and National EconomiesAnimal Disease and Farm IncomeBioterrorismRegulatory Animal MedicineFederal RegulationAnimal Disease Traceability FrameworkState RegulationAccredited VeterinariansUnited States Animal Health Association (USAHA)OrganizationsAmerican Veterinary Medical AssociationUSDA, APHIS, Animal CareUnited States Animal Health AssociationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences PART THREE: THE ANIMAL INDUSTRIES 15. Market Coordination in the Beef, Pork, and Poultry IndustriesLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionVertical Integration DefinitionVertical Coordination MotivesCurrent State of Vertical IntegrationProduction Characteristics: Beef, Pork, and PoultryBiological Production CycleGenetic BaseIndustry StagesGeographic Concentration in ProductionOperation Size and SpecializationMarket Factors Enhancing CoordinationValue-Added Products at RetailNew Product DevelopmentBrand MarketingVertical Coordination LimitationsCapitalRiskControl of Quantity, Quality, and ConsistencyManagement Skills NeededSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 16. Beef CattleLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of CattleThe Place of the Beef Cattle Industry in U.S. AgriculturePurpose of the U.S. Beef Cattle IndustryHistorical PerspectiveStructure of the Beef IndustryGeographic Location of Beef Cattle in the United StatesGenetics and Breeding ProgramsBreedsReproductive Management in Beef CattleNutrition in Beef CattleChallenges to Beef Cattle HealthCalf diarrhea (scours)Bovine respiratory diseaseBlacklegBloatBeef’s Nutritional Benefits to HumansTrends and Factors Influencing the Beef IndustryConsumptionExports/GlobalizationTechnologyAnimal TraceabilityFood SafetyEnvironmental ConcernsOrganic and Natural ProductionBiofuel ProductionIndustry StructureAdditional Trends and ConcernsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 17. Dairy CattleLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of CattleThe Place of the Dairy Cattle Industry in U.S. AgriculturePurpose of the Dairy Cattle Industry in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveStructure and Geographic Location of the Dairy IndustryDairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA)Genetics and Breeding ProgramsBreedsReproductive Management in Dairy CattleNutrition in Dairy CattleHerd HealthMastitisMilk fever (hypocalcemia)Displaced abomasumJohne’s diseaseBovine Somatotropin (BST)Nutritional Benefits of Milk to HumansTrends and Factors Influencing the Dairy IndustryRestructuringConsumptionFood SafetyTradeIndustry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 18. PoultryLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of PoultryThe Place of Poultry in U.S. AgriculturePurpose of the Poultry Industry in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveDomesticationEarly Use in the United StatesEggsGeneticsChicksIntegrationStructure and Geographic Location of the Poultry IndustryThe U.S. Broiler IndustryThe U.S. Egg IndustryThe U.S. Turkey IndustryThe U.S. Duck, Goose, and Other Poultry IndustriesGenetics and Breeding ProgramsBreeds, Varieties, and Strains of PoultryChicken Breeds in Modern ProductionTurkey BreedsDuck and Goose BreedsReproductive Management in PoultryBreeder Flock ManagementMating SystemsSelection and Care of EggsEgg StorageIncubatorsTesting for FertilityNutrition in PoultryFlock Health ManagementChallenges to Poultry HealthRicketsFowl choleraMycoplasmosisNutritional Benefits of Poultry to HumansTrends and Factors Influencing the Poultry IndustryTurkey Consumption and ProductionBroiler Consumption and ProductionEgg ConsumptionAll-Natural and Organic ProductionFood Safety ConcernsIntegration and ConsolidationTechnological Innovation and StandardizationWaste DisposalBiotechnologyAnimal WelfareAvian Influenza (Bird Flu)Industry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 19. SwineLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of swineThe Place of the Swine Industry in U.S. AgriculturePurpose of the Swine Industry in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveStructure of the Swine IndustryGeographic Location of Swine in the United StatesGenetics and Breeding ProgramsBreedsSwine Breeding ProgramsReproductive Management in SwineGiltsSowsEstrus DetectionFarrowing ManagementBoarsArtificial Insemination in SwineRecord KeepingNutrition in SwineFeeding PracticesHerd Health ManagementBiosecuritychallenges to swine healthDiarrhea (scours)Respiratory diseaseGastric ulcersNutritional Benefits of Pork to HumansTrends and Factors Influencing the Swine IndustryPork ConsumptionNutrition and Health ConsciousnessConvenient FoodsFood Safety ConcernsLast Stages of Restructuring-ConsolidationTechnological Innovation and StandardizationWaste DisposalBiotechnologyForeign Competition/TradeAnimal Welfare/Animal RightsWork ForceIndustry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 20. Sheep and GoatsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of Sheep and GoatsThe Place of the Sheep and Goat Industries in U.S. AgriculturePurpose of the Sheep and Goat Industries in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveStructure of the Sheep and Goat IndustriesGeographic Location of Sheep and Goats in the United StatesSelection and Breeding ProgramsBreedsReproductive ManagementNutritionChallenges to Sheep and Goat HealthGastrointestinal parasitismContagious ecthymaCaseous lymphadenitisPregnancy toxemiaNutritional Benefits of Lamb and Goat Meat to HumansNutritional Benefits of Goat Milk to HumansTrends and Factors Influencing the sheep and goat IndustriesConsumptionIndustry Size and StructureEnvironmental ConcernsTechnologyIndustry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 21. HorsesLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of HorsesThe Place of Horses in the United StatesPurpose of the Horse Industry in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveStructure and Geographic Location of the Horse IndustryHorse GeneticsBasic Coat ColorsFlaxen Mane and TailAdditional Common MarkingsGenetic Diseases in HorsesBreeds of HorsesDraft HorsesImported Light BreedsBreeds of Horses Developed in the United StatesBreed PopularityReproductive ManagementNutrition and Feeding of HorsesChallenges to Horse HealthColicLaminitisHeavesTrends and Factors Influencing the Horse IndustryEducation and ResearchCompetitionNew OwnersSafety ConcernsWest Nile VirusSocial IssuesTechnological InnovationIndustry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 22. AquacultureLearning ObjectivesKey TermsThe Place of Aquaculture in U.S. AgricultureThe Purpose of the Aquaculture IndustryWorldwide Importance of AquacultureHistorical PerspectiveStructure and Geographic Location of the Aquaculture IndustryCatfishTroutTilapiaCrawfishSalmonMollusksOrnamental FishTypes of Aquaculture SystemsWater QualityAquaculture Life CyclesGeneticsNutrition of Aquatic SpeciesBenefits of Consuming Farm-Raised FishTrends Affecting AquacultureSpeciesTechnologyConstraints to ExpansionDisease ControlEnvironmental ConcernsPredator LossCulture of Aquatic SpeciesFarm-Raised Channel Catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus)*Production ProcessFeedingWater QualityDisease ManagementHarvest and MarketingQuality AssuranceFreshwater Prawn Pond Production and Grow-Out (Macrobrachium Rosenbergii)*Site Selection and Pond DesignStocking of JuvenilesTemperatureFeedingWater Quality ManagementNitrogen CompoundspHDiseasesHarvestingPolyculture and IntercroppingProcessing and MarketingReproduction of Angelfish (Pterophyllum Scalare)*Water QualityNutritionSpawningSources of InformationStudy QuestionsReferences23. Pet and Companion AnimalsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsThe Place of Pet and Companion Species in the United StatesPurpose of the Pet and Companion Animals IndustryPets and Companion Animals DefinedValue of PetsHistorical PerspectiveGeographic LocationGenetics and Breeding ProgramsBreeds of DogsBreeds of CatsBreeds of Other Pet SpeciesReproductive ManagementNutrition of the Pet SpeciesProduct NameNet Quantity StatementNutritional Adequacy StatementFeeding DirectionsCalorie StatementOther Label ClaimsChallenges to Companion Animal HealthCancerAllergic skin diseasePyometraEndocrine diseasesTrends in the Pet IndustryHumanizing the PetPet PopulationRegistered AnimalsPet FoodsNutritionVeterinary ExpendituresMini-TrendsIndustry OrganizationsSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 24. LamoidsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of CamelidsThe Place of Lamoids in the United StatesThe Purpose of the Llama and Alpaca IndustriesHistory of the Llama in the United StatesGeographic DistributionPhysical DescriptionCamelidaeLamoidsGenetics and BreedsHealth CareReproductionRearing the CriaNutrition and Feed UseLamoid FeedingBehaviorTrends and Challenges to the Llama IndustryResearch NeedsEducational NeedsHealth CareOrganizations and Sources of InformationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 25. RabbitsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsScientific Classification of the RabbitThe Place and Purpose of Rabbits in the United StatesHistorical PerspectiveGeographic Location of the Rabbit Industry in the United StatesThe Structure of the Rabbit IndustryThe Rabbit FancyCommercial Meat ProductionLaboratory Specimen ProductionBreeding Stock ProductionAngora ProductionBreeds and GeneticsReproductive ManagementNutritionHealth ProgramChallenges to Rabbit HealthPasteurellosisMastitisDiarrheaNon-infectious diseasesNutritional Value of Rabbit Meat to HumansTrends and Factors in Rabbit ProductionAdvantages of Commercial Rabbit ProductionDisadvantages of Commercial Rabbit ProductionManagementOrganizations and Sources of InformationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences PART FOUR: ANIMALS AND SOCIETY 26. Careers and Career Preparation in the Animal Sciences Learning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionAnimal Science Studies and CareersProductionScience and MedicineFoodsAgribusinessCommunication and EducationAnimal CaretakersInternational OpportunitiesTrends Affecting EmploymentA Job, a Career, a Lifetime: What are You Deciding When You Choose a Career and a Major?Summary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 27. Food Safety and Consumer ConcernsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionHistory of Food Safety as a Public IssueImportance of Food Safety to ConsumersPreventing Foodborne IllnessesSome Important Microbial Pathogens Associated with Foodborne IllnessBacteriaParasitic ProtozoaVirusesGovernmental Agencies and Food SafetyThe Role of the FDAThe Role of FSISResponsibilities of the Federal AgenciesChanges in FSISHazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)The Seven HACCP PrinciplesAdditional Changes at FSIS and Other Food Safety InitiativesThe Bioterrorism Act of Ensuring Safety of the Milk SupplyOther Issues of Concern to ConsumersBovine SomatotropinHormonesAntibioticsFood IrradiationMad Cow DiseaseGenetically Engineered ProductsSources of InformationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferences 28. Animal Welfare and Animal RightsLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionAnimal Rights Versus Animal WelfarePhilosophy, History, and LegislationAnimal Welfare/Animal Rights GroupsAnimal Rights Issues Present and FutureDefining and Measuring Animal WelfareSources of InformationSuggested ReadingsSummary and ConclusionReferences 29. Animals in Sustainable AgricultureLearning ObjectivesKey TermsIntroductionWhat is Sustainable Agriculture?Practices That Are Part of Sustainable FarmingThe Systems PhilosophyAnimals in Sustainable Agricultural SystemsMonocultureSources of InformationSummary and ConclusionStudy QuestionsReferencesGlossaryIndex