Motivation Science

Dr. Mimi Bong is a Professor of Educational Psychology and the Director of the Brain and Motivation Research Institute at Korea University. For the past 27 years, she has been studying the achievement motivation of children and adolescents, focusing on the role of self-efficacy beliefs, value perceptions, and achievement goals in student motivation and self-regulation. Bong is the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Experimental Education and has served or currently serves on the editorial boards of numerous journals, including American Educational Research Journal, Child Development, Contemporary Educational Psychology, Educational Psychologist, Educational Psychology Review, Educational Researcher, Journal of Educational Psychology, and Learning and Instruction.Dr. Johnmarshall Reeve is a Professor in the Institute for Psychology and Education at the Australian Catholic University in Sydney, Australia. His research focuses on all aspects of human motivation and emotion, but mostly on autonomy-supportive teaching, students' agentic engagement, and the neuroscience of intrinsic motivation. He has published 86 articles in peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal of Educational Psychology and authored 4 books, including Understanding Motivation and Emotion and Supporting Students' Motivation.Dr. Sung-il Kim is the Dean of the College of Education and the Graduate School of Education and a Professor of Educational Psychology at Korea University. His research focuses on interest, curiosity, neural bases of motivation, and modeling interest-based learning. He has served as the President of the Korean Educational Psychology Association, the Korean Society for Cognitive Science, and the Korean Mind, Brain, and Education Society, and the Director of the Brain and Motivation Research Institute. He is an Associate Editor of Frontiers in Psychology and serves on the editorial board of Motivation and Emotion.

In this lively and entertaining volume, diverse experts provide their views on the most basic and universal questions about motivation. Each question gets answered by multiple different authors, thus providing the reader with a variety of perspectives. It is a terrific introduction to the field of motivation and will bring the reader up to speed on many of the grand issues that psychologists have grappled with ever since the field began.

• Section 1What Is Motivation? Question 1: What Is Motivation? What Is Motivation, Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Work?Carol S. Dweck, Matthew L. Dixon, and James J. Gross Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of MotivationAndrew J. Elliot What Is Motivation?Edwin A. Locke Motivation Processes and OutcomesDale H. Schunk Motivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and ContextDeborah Stipek Motivation Is the State of Wanting Something. But Do We Want the Right Things?Kennon M. Sheldon Wanting to Feel Effective in Our Goal Pursuits for Both Outcomes and Process E. Tory Higgins and Emily Nakkawita Pleasure, Utility, and Goals: Motivation as a Value-Based Decision-Making ProcessSung-il Kim Jingle-Jangle Fallacies in Motivation Science: Toward a Definition of Core MotivationReinhard Pekrun Academic Self-Concept: A Central Motivational ConstructGeetanjali Basarkod and Herbert W. Marsh Motivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental ProcessesKou Murayama Insights Gained from Controversy #1 Section 2What Are the Current Controversies in Motivation Science? Question 2: Are Motivational Processes Universal Across Cultures and Contexts? Does One Size Fit All? Cultural Perspectives on School MotivationDennis M. McInerney Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of MotivationPaul A. Schutz Can We Really Say that Motivational Processes Are Universal Across Cultures and Contexts? Briana P. Green, DeLeon L. Gray, Elan C. Hope, and Jamaal S. Matthews Vitamins for Psychological Growth: A Universal Foundation for Motivating OthersBart Soenens and Maarten Vansteenkiste Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect (BFLPE): Universality of Psychological Comparison ProcessesHerbert W. Marsh and Geetanjali Basarkod Insights Gained from Controversy #2 Question 3: Is There Such a Thing as <"Good> " Motivation and <"Bad> " Motivation? Some Motivations Make Us Happier than OthersKennon M. Sheldon The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of MotivationNikos Ntoumanis Less Is Sometimes More: Differentiating 'Must-ivation' from 'Want-ivation'Maarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens Do We Sometimes Surrender Our Good Motivation for Bad? Some Reflections on the Quality of MotivationAllan Wigfield Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False DichotomiesPatricia A. Alexander Insights Gained from Controversy #3 Question 4: Does Extrinsic Incentive (e.g., Rewards, Competition) Undermine Motivation? Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Motivation in the ClassroomEL Sometimes Eric M. Anderman Extrinsic Incentives/Rewards - Short-Term Fix that Can Undermine Long-Term MotivationWendy S. Grolnick Interest and Its Relation to Rewards, Reward Expectations, and Incentives Suzanne E. Hidi and K. Ann Renninger Competition Can Enhance Motivation-but Typically Undermines ItJohnmarshall Reeve Insights Gained from Controversy #4Question 5: Can We Control Our Motivation? The Unconscious Sources of Motivation and GoalsJohn A. Bargh and Peter M. Gollwitzer Two Routes to the Self-Regulation of Motivation and GoalsPeter M. Gollwitzer and John A. Bargh The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious MotivationTimothy Urdan Controlling Your Own Motivation Is an Acquired SkillChristopher A. Wolters A Key to Motivation Is Thinking and Acting like You Can Change ThingsErika A. Patall Finding the Second Wind: Motivation Is Within Our ControlEllen L. Usher Insights Gained from Controversy #5 Question 6: Can You Distinguish Motivation from Cognition and Emotion? Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain MotivationDale H. Schunk Dissecting the Elephant: Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation as Distinct but Intertwined EntitiesReinhard Pekrun Exploring the Boundaries Between Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion: Theoretical, Empirical, and Practical DistinctionsPatricia A. Alexander Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition: Blurring the Lines Paul A. Schutz Are Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion the Same or Different? Let's Abandon That ThinkingKou Murayama Insights Gained from Controversy #6Question 7: What Are the Unanswered Questions and Unresolved Controversies in Motivation Study? Understanding Motivation: So Much Is Known, So Much Left to LearnTimothy Urdan How Does Context Shape Motivation?Mimi Bong Is a Focus on Looking Smart Beneficial for Students' Engagement, Learning, and Achievement?Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia Is There a Need for Psychological Needs in Theories of Achievement Motivation?Allan Wigfield and Alison C. Koenka Should Theoretical Integration Occur in the Motivation Literature? Considering What, for Whom, and WhenAlison C. Koenka and Allan Wigfield Insights Gained from Controversy #7 Section 3How Do We Motivate People? Question 8: How Do We Motivate People? How Do We Motivate People? Connecting to People's Existing Goals and ValuesCarol S. Dweck Creating a Motivating Learning Environment: Guiding Principles from Philosophy, Psychology, and PedagogyPatricia A. Alexander Easy to Get People to Do Things, More Challenging to Facilitate Their MotivationWendy S. Grolnick When It Comes to Motivating Others, What's Easy Is Not Always What WorksErika A. Patall Motivating People: It Depends on What, and It Depends on WhenEric M. Anderman How Do We Motivate People? By Working with Their Self-BeliefsEllen L. Usher A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth Reinhard Pekrun How to Foster Motivation? The Need-Based Motivating Compass as a Source of InspirationMaarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens You Can Motivate Others by Nurturing Five Experiences that Satisfy Their Need for Autonomy: Authentic Inner Compass, Authentic Intentions, and FreedomAvi Assor, Moti Benita, and Yael Geifman Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student MotivationKathryn R. Wentzel What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to LearnHelen Patrick Insights Gained from Controversy #8 Section 4What Is the Future of Motivation Science? Question 9: What Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Theory and Research? Is Academic Motivation a Tree Trunk, a Fan, a Wall, a Rope, a Snake, or a Spear? No, It's an Elephant and It's on FireEllen A. Skinner Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research: A Biopsychological PerspectiveAndrew J. Martin and Emma C. Burns Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to LearnKathryn R. Wentzel Most Motivation Research in Education Is Not Yet Useful for Teachers Helen Patrick Motivational Researchers Must Move Beyond Linear Models to Consider Motivational Processes as Part of a Complex SystemLisa Linnenbrink-Garcia The Most Fundamental Limitation in Motivation Theory and Research Is Our TheoriesEric M. Anderman Infatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational PhenomenonAvi Kaplan Theoretical and Methodological Disintegration Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation ResearchBenjamin Nagengast and Ulrich Trautwein Insights Gained from Controversy #9 Question 10: What Will Be the Most Significant Development in Motivation Science in the Next Decade? The Next Decade: Making Motivation the Foundation of Psychology AgainCarol S. Dweck Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next DecadeAndrew J. Martin, Emma C. Burns, Roger Kennett, and Joel Pearson Digitization Will Bring Profound Changes in Educational Practice and Research on MotivationUlrich Trautwein and Benjamin Nagengast Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic SystemAvi Kaplan Assessing Motivation Dynamically Dale H. Schunk Motivation in the Wild: Capturing the Complex Social Ecologies of Academic MotivationEllen A. Skinner, Thomas A. Kindermann, Justin W. Vollet, and Nicolette P. Rickert Community-Engaged Research: The Next Frontier in Motivation ScienceDeLeon L. Gray and Brooke Harris-Thomas Insights Gained from Controversy #10