International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration Volume 3

Jay M. Shafritz, Jr., professor of public and international affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, is the author of over three dozen text and reference books on various aspects of government, management, and public administration, including Classics of Public Administration, Classics of Organization Theory, Introducing Public Administration, The HarperCollins Dictionary of American Government and Politics, The Dictionary of Twentieth Century World Politics, Words on War, and Shakespeare on Management .

• L -- Labor Law -- Labor Movement -- Labor Organization -- Labor Organizer -- Labor Relations -- Labor-Management Cooperation -- Laboratory Training and T (Train ing)-Groups -- Lambert Commission -- Latin American Administrative Tradition -- Layoffs -- Leadership -- Leadership, Agential -- Leave Policy -- Legal Services -- Level Playing Field -- Lewin, Kurt (1890-1947) -- Lindblom, Charles E. (1917-) -- Line-Item Budget -- Line-Item Veto -- Line and Staff Conflict -- Loan Guarantees -- Lobbying -- Local Government -- Local Government Budgeting -- Local Government Leadership -- Logistics -- Lotteries -- Luhmannian Perspectives on Public Administration and Policy -- Lying with Statistics -- M -- Machiavelli -- Machinery of Government -- Machinery of Government, Aus tralia -- Malaysian Administrative Tradition -- Management Audit -- Management by Fear -- Management by Objectives (MBO) -- Management Control -- Management Information System (Mis) -- Management Science -- Management Accounting -- Management, Contingency -- Management, Principles of -- Managerialism -- Mandates -- The Manhattan Project -- Markup -- Market Socialism -- Market Testing -- Martial Law -- Maslow, Abraham H. (1908–1970) -- Master of Public Administration (MPA) -- Masters of Nonprofit Management -- Matrix Organization -- McGregor, Douglas M. (1906–1964) -- Mediating Institutions -- Mentoring -- Merit System -- Metaphor, Organizational -- Metropolitan Organization -- Mexican Administrative Tradition -- Microeconomic Reform -- Micromanagement -- Middle Management -- Miles’s Law -- Military-Industrial Complex -- Ministerial Advisers -- Ministerial Responsibility -- Minority Set-Aside -- Mission Statement -- Mixed Economy -- Monash, Sir John (1865–1931) -- Monetary Policy -- Monnet, Jean (1888–1979) -- Morale -- Moses, Robert (1888–1981) -- Motivation-Hygiene Theory (MHT) -- Muckrakers -- Muddling through -- Multicommunity Partnerships -- Multiculturalism -- Multiculturalism Policy -- Municipal Bonds -- Municipal Bonds: Policy and Strategy -- Municipal Bonds: Security -- Municipal Housekeeping -- Municipal Research Bureaus -- Mutual Benefit Organization -- N -- National Charities Information Bureau (NCIB) -- National Interest -- National Security -- National Society of Fund Raising Executives (NSFRE) -- Nationalization -- Natural Law -- Natural Resource Policy -- Needs Assessment -- Neighborhood-Based Organizations (NBOs) -- Neocorporatism -- Nepotism -- New Public Management -- New Urbanism -- New Zealand Model -- Noblesse Oblige -- Nondistribution Constraint -- Nonfeasance -- Nongovernmental Organization -- Nonprofit Entrepreneurship -- Nonprofit Organization -- Nonprofit Sector Research Fund -- Northcote-Trevelyan Report -- O -- Objective Setting -- Occupational Safety and Health -- Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Oecd) -- Off-Budget -- The Practices of U.S. State and Local Governments and Other Countries -- Official Immunity -- Offsetting Collections -- Omar Ibn-Al-Khattab (Also Umar OO’ MäR) (581–644) -- Ombudsman -- Opportunity Cost -- Optimizing Principles -- Oraganization Development -- Organization Theory -- Organizational Architecture -- Organizational Behavior -- Organizational Change -- Organizational Culture -- Organizational Learning -- Organizational Psychodynamics -- Organizational Renewal -- Organizational Trust -- Original Intent -- Outsourcing -- P -- Parkinson’s Law -- Parliamentary Appropriation -- Parliamentary Procedure -- Parliamentary Scrutiny -- Parliamentary System -- Parole -- Participation Management -- Patronage -- Pay-For-Performance -- Performance Appraisal -- Performance Audit -- Performance Budget -- Performance Indicator -- Performance Management -- Performance Measurement -- Permanent Secretary -- Persian/Iranian Administrative Tradition -- Personal Integrity -- Pert -- Peter Principle -- Philanthropic Advisory Service (PAS) -- Philanthropy -- Philanthropy, Historical and Philosophical Foundations -- Picketing -- Pillarization -- Planning, Programming, Budget ing System (PPBS) -- Plowden Report -- Pluralism -- Police Administration -- Police Review Board -- Policy -- Policy Advice -- Policy Analysis -- Policy Leadership -- Policy Monitoring -- Policy Network -- Policy Studies -- Political Commissar -- Political Economy -- Political Machine -- Political Neutrality -- Politics-Administration Dichotomy -- Position Classification -- Positivism -- Post-Communist Budgeting -- Postmodern Organization -- Poverty -- Practice of Public Administration -- Pragmatism -- Prices and Incomes Policy -- Primary Jurisdiction -- Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) -- Private Foundation -- Privatization -- Privy Council -- Privy Council Office (PCO) -- Procurement -- Productivity -- Productivity Politics -- Productivity Savings -- Profession -- Professionalism -- Program Budgeting -- Progressive Movement -- Project Control -- Project Management -- Property Tax -- Prostitution Policy -- Province -- Public Administration -- Public Administration Committee (PAC) -- Public Administration Education -- Public Administration Journals -- Public Administration, New -- Public Affairs -- Public Assistance -- Public Authorities -- Public Broadcasting -- Public Choice -- Public Enterprise -- Public Goods -- Public Hearing -- Public Management -- Public Pensions (Retirement) -- Public Personnel Administration -- Public Policy Analysis -- Public Policy Entrepreneur -- Public Sector Administrative Reforms -- Public Sector Engineering -- Public Service -- Public Trust -- Public Welfare -- Q -- Qualified Immunity. -- Quality Awards in Europe. -- Quality Circles. -- Quality Control. -- Quality Improvement. -- Quality of Work Life (QWL). -- Quangos (Quasi-Autonomous, Non-Governmental Organizations). -- Quasi-Governmental. -- Quasi-Judicial Power. -- Quiet Expenditures.