Biomimetics

About the EditorsMurugan Ramalingam is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering at the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Université de Strasbourg, France. Xiumei Wang is an Associate Professor of Biomaterials at Tsinghua University, China. Guoping Chen is the principal investigator and unit director of the Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, the National Institute for Materials Science, Japan. Peter Ma is the Richard H. Kingery Endowed Collegiate Professor at the University of Michigan. Fu-Zhai Cui is a full professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxi1 Biomimetic Polysaccharides and Derivatives for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 1Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad1.1 Introduction 11.2 Strategies for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 31.3 Designing Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 41.4 Natural Polysaccharides for Cartilage Tissue Engineering 81.5 Conclusions and Remarks on Prospects 17References 182 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-Assembled Mineralized Collagen-Based Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 23Xiumei Wang, Zhixu Liu and Fuzhai Cui2.1 Introduction 232.2 Hierarchical Assembly of Mineralized CollagenFibrils in Natural Bone 252.3 Biomimetic Synthesis of Self-AssembledMineralized Fibrils 342.4 Applications of Mineralized Collagen-basedComposites for Bone Regeneration 402.5 Concluding Remarks 44References 453 Biomimetic Mineralization of Hydrogel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering 51Timothy E.L. Douglas, Elzbieta Pamula andSander C.G. Leeuwenburgh3.1 Introduction 513.2 Incorporation of Inorganic Calcium PhosphateNanoparticles into Hydrogels 523.3 Biomimetic Mineralization in Calcium and/orPhosphate-Containing Solutions 563.4 Enzymatically-Induced Mineralization UsingAlkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 583.5 Enhancement of Hydrogel MineralizationUsing Biomacromolecules 603.6 Conclusions 62References 634 Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 69Robert J. Kane and Peter X. Ma4.2 Self-Assembled Nanofiber Scaffolds 734.3 Electrospun Scaffolds 754.4 Thermally Induced Phase Separation (TIPS) Scaffolds 804.5 Overall Trends in Biomimetic Scaffold Design 84References 855 Bioactive Polymers and Nanobiomaterials Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 91Ferdous Khan and Sheikh Rafi Ahmad5.1 Introduction 925.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic 3DPolymer-Nanocomposites Scaffolds 935.3 Nonbiodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 965.4 Biodegradable Polymer and Nanocomposites 1025.5 Conclusions and Future Remarks 112References6 Strategy for a Biomimetic paradigm in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue EngineeringMona K. Mareil, Naglaa B. Nagy, Mona M. Saad, Samer H. Zaky, Rania M. Elbackly, Ahmad M. Eweida and Mohamed A. Alkhodary6.1 Introduction 1206.2 Biomimetics: Definition and Historical Background 1216.3 Developmental Biology in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering: Biomimetics in Development and Growth (e.g. model of wound healing) 1276.4 The Paradigm Shift in Tissue Engineering: Biomimetic Approaches to Stimulate Endogenous Repair and Regeneration 1326.5 Extracellular Matrix Nano-Biomimetics for Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 1366.6 Biomimetic Surfaces, Implications for Dental and Craniofacial Regeneration; Biomaterial as6.7 Angiogenesis, Vasculogenesis, and Inosculation for Life-Sustained Regenerative Therapy; The Platform for Biomimicry in Dental and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering 1436.8 Conclusion 149Acknowledgements 150References 1507 Strategies to Prevent Bacterial Adhesion on Biomaterials 163Indu Bajpai and Bikramjit Basu7.1 Introduction 1647.2 Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells 1667.3 Closure 194Acknowledgement 195References 1958 Nanostructured Selenium – A Novel Biologically-Inspired Material for Antibacterial Medical Device Applications 203Qi Wang and Thomas J. Webster8.1 Bacterial Biofilm Infections on Implant Materials 2048.2 Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Implant Applications 2068.3 Selenium and Nanostructured Selenium 2088.4 Selenium Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications 2098.5 Summary and Outlook 215References 2169 Hydroxyapatite-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres Toward Injectable Cell Scaffold 221Syuji Fujii, Masahiro Okada and Tsutomu Furuzono9.1 Introduction 2229.2 Pickering Emulsion 2239.3 Fabrication of HAp-Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres by Pickering Emulsion Method 2269.4 Evaluation of Cell Adhesion Properties of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres 2349.5 Application of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres as an Injectable Scaffold 2359.6 Degradation Behavior of HAp-Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposite Microspheres 2379.7 Conclusions 238Acknowledgments 238References 23910 Biomimetic ECM Scaffolds Prepared from Cultured Cells 243Guoping Chen, Hongxu Lu and Naoki Kawazoe10.1 Introduction 24310.2 Cultured Cell-Derived ECM Porous Scaffolds 24510.3 Autologous ECM Scaffolds 24710.4 Application of Cultured Cell-Derived ECM Scaffolds 24910.5 Summary 250References 25111 Design and Synthesis of Photoreactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications 253Ponnurengam Sivakumar Malliappan, Di Zhou, Tae Il Son2 and Yoshihiro Ito11.1 Introduction 25311.2 UV-Reactive Biological Polymers 25411.3 UV-Reactive Synthetic Polymers 26311.4 Visible Light-Reactive Biopolymer Systems 27011.5 Conclusions 274References 27412 The Emerging Applications of Graphene Oxide and Graphene in Tissue Engineering 279Samad Ahadian, Murugan Ramalingam and Ali Khademhosseini12.1 Introduction 28012.2 Design and Fabrication of Biomimetic GO/Graphene Materials 28312.3 Graphene Oxide and its Cell and TE Applications 28412.4 Graphene and Its Cell and TE Applications 28712.5 Conclusions and Future Directions 292Acknowledgement 295References 29513 Biomimetic Preparation and Morphology Control of Mesoporous Silica 301Qiang Cai13.1 Introduction 30213.2 Biomineralization and Biomimic Synthesis 30213.3 Mesoporous Silica 30613.4 Biomimic Preparation and Morphology Control of Mesoporous Silica 31213.5 Conclusion and Prospective 324References 32514 Biomimetic Materials for Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues 329Kaarunya Sampathkumar, Azadeh Seidi, Alok Srivastava, T.S. Sampath Kumar, Seeram Ramakrishna and Murugan Ramalingam14.1 Introduction 33014.2 Fabrication of Biomimetic Materials 33114.3 Surface Modification 33514.4 Engineering Stem Cells and Tissues 33714.5 Concluding Remarks 341Acknowledgements 342References