Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

John Clark is Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Sydney and Adjunct Professor at Macquarie University. Colin Yallop is Adjunct Professor in English at Macquarie University, an Honorary Fellow in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne, and Chief Editor of the Macquarie Dictionary.Janet Fletcher is Associate Professor in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne.

“A key general-reference text, which assumes no prior knowledge. In this edition, emphasis is placed on acoustic phonetics and phonological analysis, and it incorporates new material on developments in speech production studies, prosody, optimality theory in phonology, L1 and L2 acquisition and sociolectal variation.” Times Higher Education Supplement“The third edition of An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology is a welcome update to an introductory volume which for many years has informed and challenged students in equal measures, and will clearly continue to do so.”Gerry Docherty, University of Newcastle upon Tyne

• List of Figures xList of Tables xivPreface to the Third Edition xvList of Abbreviations xvi1 Introduction 11.1 Phonetics and phonology 11.2 Theory and analysis 41.3 Applications of phonetics and phonology 61.4 Outline of this book 7Exercises 92 Segmental Articulation 102.1 Introduction 102.2 A functional overview of the speech production process 112.3 The organs of speech 152.4 Describing speech sounds 162.5 Airstream mechanisms 162.6 Modes of phonation 192.7 Vocalic sounds 222.8 Duration and glide in vocalic articulations 322.9 Consonantal sounds 362.10 Vocal tract place 382.11 Tongue position 412.12 Manner of articulation 432.13 Stricture 492.14 Force 512.15 Length 512.16 Voice onset 52Exercises 533 Units of Speech 55Introduction 553.1 Identifying the units of speech 563.2 Complex articulations 613.3 Nasalization 623.4 Labialization 633.5 Palatalization 643.6 Velarization and pharyngealization 643.7 Affrication 653.8 Double articulation 653.9 Vowel retroflexion 663.10 Diphthongization 663.11 Syllabicity 673.12 Segmentation and structure 693.13 Diphthongs and related phenomena 713.14 Interpretations 74Exercises 794 The Phonemic Organization of Speech 81Introduction 814.1 Phonetic variability 814.2 The phoneme 904.3 Allophones 934.4 Phonemic norms 984.5 Pattern and symmetry 994.6 Phonological reality 1034.7 Units and boundaries 1054.8 Invariance and overlap 1074.9 Biuniqueness and neutralization 1094.10 Morphophonemic alternations 1144.11 Free variation 1164.12 The sounds of the world’s languages 118Exercises 1245 The Generative Approach to Phonology 126Introduction 1265.1 The origins of generative phonology 1265.2 The sound pattern of English 1295.3 Basic rule notation in generative phonology 1315.4 Formalism and evaluation 1375.5 Abbreviatory devices in rule notation 1395.6 Rule order 1455.7 Functional considerations 1485.8 Naturalness and markedness 1525.9 Abstractness 154Exercises 1576 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production 1596.1 Introduction 1596.2 Conventions of anatomical description 1606.3 The nervous system 1626.4 The respiratory system 1686.5 The larynx 1756.6 Phonation 1846.7 The pharynx 1906.8 The velum and the nasal cavity 1916.9 The oral cavity 1946.10 The tongue 1956.11 The lips 1986.12 The mandible 200Exercises 2027 The Acoustics of Speech Production 204Introduction 2047.1 The nature of sound 2057.2 The propagation of sound 2077.3 Simple harmonic motion 2077.4 Complex vibrations 2137.5 Resonance 2167.6 Basic amplitude properties of sound waves 2197.7 Time domain properties of sound waves 2237.8 Frequency domain properties of sound waves 2247.9 Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves 2307.10 The acoustic model of speech production 2337.11 Phonation as a sound source 2347.12 Sources of frication 2387.13 The vocal tract filter in vowel production 2407.14 Spectrographic analysis of speech 2497.15 Acoustic properties of vowel quality 2617.16 The vocal tract filter in consonant production 2727.17 The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables 2787.18 The relationship between articulatory and acousticproperties of speech production 2887.19 Acoustic features of prosody 292Exercises 2968 Speech Perception 2978.1 Introduction 2978.2 The auditory system 2988.3 Psychophysical properties of the auditory system 3018.4 Speech intelligibility 3048.5 Acoustic-phonetic perception 3088.6 Vowel perception 3118.7 Consonant perception 3138.8 Units of perception 3148.9 Prosodic perception 3188.10 Word recognition 3208.11 Models of speech perception 3218.12 Conclusion 324Exercises 3249 Prosody 3269.1 Introduction 3269.2 The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals 3309.3 The systemic organization of prosody 3379.4 Tone languages 3429.5 Pitch-accent languages 3479.6 Stress in English 3499.7 Stress assignment 3549.8 Intonation in English 3599.9 Tones and break indices 364Exercises 37010 Feature Systems 37210.1 Introduction 37210.2 Acoustic features 37310.3 Articulatory features 37410.4 Perceptual features 37510.5 Distinctive features 37610.6 Cover features 37710.7 Abstract features 37910.8 Accuracy and universality 38010.9 Universal feature systems 38410.10 Features and discreteness 38510.11 Hierarchical organization of features 38610.12 Feature geometry 38910.13 Overview 391Exercises 39111 The Progress of Phonology 393Introduction 39311.1 Currents of theory 39411.2 Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century 39711.3 The phoneme 39911.4 The traditions of phonetics 40011.5 Phonology in North America 40111.6 The Prague School 40311.7 Glossematics and stratificational phonology 40411.8 Firthian prosodic phonology 40611.9 Generative phonology 40811.10 Natural generative phonology 41011.11 Natural phonology 41111.12 Autosegmental and CV phonology 41311.13 Metrical phonology 41711.14 Lexical phonology 41911.15 Dependency phonology 42111.16 Optimality theory 42311.17 Prosodic phonology 42611.18 Phonology in the laboratory 42811.19 Conclusion 431Exercises 433Appendix 1: Phonetic Symbols 4351.1 Vowel symbols 4351.2 Consonant symbols 4361.3 Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations 4381.4 Symbols used in transcription of English 439Appendix 2: Features 4422.1 Jakobson and Halle’s distinctive features 4422.2 Chomsky and Halle’s universal set of phonetic features 4432.3 Ladefoged’s ‘Traditional Features’ 4442.4 Components in dependency phonology 446References 447Index 474