Measurements using Optic and RF Waves

Frdrique de Fornel, director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), is the head of the Near Field Optics Group at Bourgogne University, and past president of D commission of URSI (International Union of Radio Science). Pierre-Nol Favennec, Doctor of Science, author of numerous scientific books and articles is the director of the Collection Tlcom and is past-president of URSI-France.

Preface xiii Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Environment 1 Pierre-Nol FAVENNEC 1.1. Electromagnetic radiation sources 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields 18 1.3. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope 23 Loc LALOUAT, Houssein NASRALLAH, Benoit CLUZEL, Laurent SALOMON, Colette DUMAS and Frdrique DE FORNEL 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Principle of the measurement using a local probe 24 2.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic field distribution inside nanophotonic components 30 2.4. Measuring the amplitude and phase in optical near-field 39 2.5. Active optical near-field microscopy 41 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Acknowledgements 45 2.8. Bibliography 45 Chapter 3. Meteorological Visibility Measurement: Meteorological Optical Range 51 Herv SIZUN and Maher AL NABOULSI 3.1. Introduction 51 3.2. Definitions 52 3.3. Atmospheric composition 53 3.4. Atmospheric effects on light propagation 54 3.5. Units and scales 57 3.6. Measurement methods 58 3.7. Visibility perturbation factors 68 3.8. Applications 71 3.9. Appendix optical contrast and Koschmieders law 75 3.10. Glossary 77 3.11. Bibliography 78 Chapter 4. Low Coherence Interferometry 81 Xavier CHAPELEAU, Dominique LEDUC, Cyril LUPI, Virginie GAILLARD and Christian BOISROBERT 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Phase measurement 82 4.3. Metrology considerations 86 4.4. Applications 91 4.5. Conclusion 106 4.6. Bibliography 107 Chapter 5. Passive Remote Sensing at Submillimeter Wavelengths and THz 113 Grard BEAUDIN 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Submillimeter-THz low noise heterodyne receivers 115 5.3. Submillimeter THz applications for astronomy and astrophysics 120 5.4. Submillimeter THz remote-sensing applications to aeronomy and planetology 124 5.5. Conclusion 126 5.6. Acknowledgements 127 5.7. Bibliography 127 Chapter 6. Exposimetry Measurements of the Ambient RF Electromagnetic Fields 131 Pierre-Nol FAVENNEC 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Definitions 132 6.3. Interactions of the electromagnetic fields with biological tissues and medical risks 136 6.4. Exposure limit values 141 6.5. Electromagnetic environment to be measured 146 6.6. Measurement equipment 150 6.7. Measurements 159 6.8. Control stations and uninterrupted electromagnetic measurements: towards a 3D electromagnetic land register 175 6.9. Appendix 1 some field measurements 176 6.10. Appendix 2 principal characteristics of mobile communication systems 177 6.11. Bibliography 177 Chapter 7. Ambient RF Electromagnetic Measurements in a Rural Environment 181 Herv SIZUN and Philippe MALIET 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Measurement set-up 182 7.3. Operating mode 184 7.4. Different studies 185 7.5. Measurements results 186 7.6. Electrical field strength 188 7.7. Conclusion 189 7.8. Acknowledgements 189 7.9. Bibliography 189 Chapter 8. Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques 191 Herv SIZUN 8.1. Introduction 191 8.2. Field strength measurements 192 8.3. Measurement of the impulse response 195 8.4. Measurement of directions of arrival 198 8.5. WiFi measurements in a home environment (field strength, data rate) 216 8.6. Conclusion 222 8.7. Glossary 224 8.8. Acknowledgments 225 8.9. Bibliography 225 Chapter 9. Dosimetry of Interactions Between the Radioelectric Waves and Human Tissues Hybrid Approach of the Metrology 229 Joe WIART and Man Fa WONG 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Evaluation of the power absorber for the tissues 230 9.3. Experimental evaluation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) 232 9.4. SAR evaluation in biological tissues 235 9.5. Variability, representativeness and uncertainty 242 9.6. Conclusions 245 9.7. Bibliography 246 Chapter 10. Measurement for the Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 249 Philippe BESNIER, Christophe LEMOINE and Mohammed SERHI