Measurements using Optic and RF Waves

AvFrédérique de Fornel,Pierre-Noël Favennec

Inbunden, Engelska, 2009

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Beskrivning

The scientific and technical basis underpinning modern measurement techniques used for electromagnetic quantities and phenonema is necessarily wide-ranging, as the electromagnetic environment spans all possible frequencies and wavelengths. Measurements must be applicable in fields as varied as nanotechnologies, telecommunications, meteorology, geo-location, radio-astronomy, health, biology, and many others. In order to adequately cover the many different facets of the topic, this book provides examples from the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum — covering frequencies from several hertz to terahertz, and considering wavelength distances ranging from nanometers to light-years in optics. It then provides coverage of the various measurement techniques using electromagnetic waves for various applications, devoting chapters to each different field of application. This comprehensive book gives detailed information on: the various techniques and methods available to measure the key characteristics of electromagnetic waves, in terms of the local field and phase for a broad field of frequencies;determination of physical quantities such as distance, time, etc., using electromagnetic properties;new approaches to measurements in the field of electromagnetic distribution in complex structures media, such as biological tissues and in the nanosciences.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2009-12-08
Mått:163 x 241 x 25 mm
Vikt:621 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:312
Förlag:ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781848211872

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Mer om författaren

Frédérique de Fornel, director of research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), is the head of the Near Field Optics Group at Bourgogne University, and past president of D commission of URSI (International Union of Radio Science).Pierre-Noël Favennec, Doctor of Science, author of numerous scientific books and articles is the director of the Collection Télécom and is past-president of URSI-France.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiiiChapter 1. Electromagnetic Environment 1Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC1.1. Electromagnetic radiation sources 11.2. Electromagnetic fields 181.3. Bibliography 21Chapter 2. From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope 23Loïc LALOUAT, Houssein NASRALLAH, Benoit CLUZEL, Laurent SALOMON, Colette DUMAS and Frédérique DE FORNEL2.1. Introduction 232.2. Principle of the measurement using a local probe 242.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic field distribution inside nanophotonic components 302.4. Measuring the amplitude and phase in optical near-field 392.5. Active optical near-field microscopy 412.6. Conclusion 452.7. Acknowledgements 452.8. Bibliography 45Chapter 3. Meteorological Visibility Measurement: Meteorological Optical Range 51Hervé SIZUN and Maher AL NABOULSI3.1. Introduction 513.2. Definitions 523.3. Atmospheric composition 533.4. Atmospheric effects on light propagation 543.5. Units and scales 573.6. Measurement methods 583.7. Visibility perturbation factors 683.8. Applications 713.9. Appendix – optical contrast and Koschmieder’s law 753.10. Glossary 773.11. Bibliography 78Chapter 4. Low Coherence Interferometry 81Xavier CHAPELEAU, Dominique LEDUC, Cyril LUPI, Virginie GAILLARD and Christian BOISROBERT4.1. Introduction 814.2. Phase measurement 824.3. Metrology considerations 864.4. Applications 914.5. Conclusion 1064.6. Bibliography 107Chapter 5. Passive Remote Sensing at Submillimeter Wavelengths and THz 113Gérard BEAUDIN5.1. Introduction 1135.2. Submillimeter-THz low noise heterodyne receivers 1155.3. Submillimeter – THz applications for astronomy and astrophysics 1205.4. Submillimeter – THz remote-sensing applications to aeronomy and planetology 1245.5. Conclusion 1265.6. Acknowledgements 1275.7. Bibliography 127Chapter 6. Exposimetry – Measurements of the Ambient RF Electromagnetic Fields 131Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC6.1. Introduction 1316.2. Definitions 1326.3. Interactions of the electromagnetic fields with biological tissues and medical risks 1366.4. Exposure limit values 1416.5. Electromagnetic environment to be measured 1466.6. Measurement equipment 1506.7. Measurements 1596.8. Control stations and uninterrupted electromagnetic measurements: towards a 3D electromagnetic land register 1756.9. Appendix 1 – some field measurements 1766.10. Appendix 2 – principal characteristics of mobile communication systems 1776.11. Bibliography 177Chapter 7. Ambient RF Electromagnetic Measurements in a Rural Environment 181Hervé SIZUN and Philippe MALIET7.1. Introduction 1817.2. Measurement set-up 1827.3. Operating mode 1847.4. Different studies 1857.5. Measurements results 1867.6. Electrical field strength 1887.7. Conclusion 1897.8. Acknowledgements 1897.9. Bibliography 189Chapter 8. Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques 191Hervé SIZUN8.1. Introduction 1918.2. Field strength measurements 1928.3. Measurement of the impulse response 1958.4. Measurement of directions of arrival 1988.5. WiFi measurements in a home environment (field strength, data rate) 2168.6. Conclusion 2228.7. Glossary 2248.8. Acknowledgments 2258.9. Bibliography 225Chapter 9. Dosimetry of Interactions Between the Radioelectric Waves and Human Tissues – Hybrid Approach of the Metrology 229Joe WIART and Man Faï WONG9.1. Introduction 2299.2. Evaluation of the power absorber for the tissues 2309.3. Experimental evaluation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) 2329.4. SAR evaluation in biological tissues 2359.5. Variability, representativeness and uncertainty 2429.6. Conclusions 2459.7. Bibliography 246Chapter 10. Measurement for the Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 249Philippe BESNIER, Christophe LEMOINE and Mohammed SERHIR10.1. Introduction 24910.2. General aspects of EMC measurement 25010.3. Emissivity and radiated immunity testing 25310.4. Efficiency and limitations of EMC measurement techniques 26110.5. Mode-stirred reverberation chambers 26210.6. Electromagnetic near-field measurement techniques applied to EMC 26810.7. Conclusions and future prospects 27210.8. Bibliography 272Chapter 11. High Precision Pulsar Timing in Centrimetric Radioastronomy 277Ismaël COGNARD11.1. Introduction 27711.2. Ultra-stable clocks to the limits of the Galaxy 27711.3. Dispersion by the interstellar medium 28011.4. Instrumentation used to study pulsars 28111.5. Swept local oscillator dedispersion 28211.6. Filterbank dedispersion 28311.7. Real-time coherent dedispersion 28411.8. The coherent pulsar instrumentation installed at Nançay 28511.9. Conclusion 28811.10. Bibliography 289Chapter 12. Long Baseline Decameter Interferometry between Nançay and LOFAR 291Philippe ZARKA12.1. Introduction 29112.2. Observations 29312.3. Analysis 29712.4. Conclusions and perspectives 30312.5. Acknowledgements 30512.6. Bibliography 305List of Authors 307Index 311