Molecular Fluorescence

Bernard Valeur received his engineering diploma from the École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de Paris (E.S.P.C.I.) and his PhD degree from the Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (Paris, France), followed by postdoctoral research at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA). After being an associate professor at E.S.P.C.I, he became full professor of physical chemistry at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Paris) in 1979, where he is emeritus professor since 2008. Professor Valeur is a member of the laboratory Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires at the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan since 1996. From 1995 to 2000 he served as an elected member of the French Comité National de la Recherche Scientifique. He is the winner of the 2012 Gregorio Weber Award for Excellence in Fluorescence Theory and Applications and author of over 170 articles or book chapters, five books, and the editor of one book. In addition, he is a member of several editorial boards.Mário Nuno Berberan-Santos graduated in chemical engineering from Instituto Superior Técnico (IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal). After a brief stay at the National Research Council of Canada (Ottawa), he received his PhD in chemistry from IST in 1989. He was a post-doctoral fellow with Bernard Valeur at Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Paris, France), and at Laboratoire pour l’Utilisation du Rayonnement Electromagnétique (Univ. Paris-Sud, Or- say, France). He is full professor of Physical Chemistry at IST, and was invited full professor at the École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (France). He is a member of several editorial advisory boards and is president of the Portuguese Chemical Society (2010–2012). He has authored over 180 publications, including 150 papers in scientific journals, several book chapters, and was the editor of one book.

"The strength of the book lies in its clear and understandable presentation, and in the thoroughness of the descriptions of fluorescence applications, enabling one to quickly appreciate the many questions and problems in the field of fluorescence. Molecular Fluorescence is more a textbook than a monograph, and therefore it is of special interest for students and beginners in the field, and be recommended." —Angewandte Chemie (international edition), 2002; Vol. 41 No. 16

• INTRODUCTIONWhat Is Luminescence?A Brief History of Fluorescence and PhosphorescencePhotoluminescence of Organic and Inorganic Species: Fluorescence or Phosphorescence?Various De-Excitation Processes of Excited MoleculesFluorescent Probes, Indicators, Labels, and TracersUltimate Temporal and Spatial Resolution: Femtoseconds, Femtoliters, Femtomoles, and Single-Molecule DetectionPART I: PRINCIPLESABSORPTION OF ULTRAVIOLET, VISIBLE, AND NEAR-INFRARED RADIATIONElectronic TransitionsTransition Probabilities: The Beer - Lambert Law, Oscillator StrengthSelection RulesThe Franck -Condon PrincipleMultiphoton Absorption and Harmonic GenerationCHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONRadiative and Nonradiative Transitions between Electronic StatesLifetimes and Quantum YieldsEmission and Excitation SpectraSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONEffects of the Molecular Structure of Organic Molecules on Their FluorescenceFluorescence of Conjugated Polymers (CPs)Luminescence of Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon DotsLuminescence of Metal Compounds, Metal Complexes, and Metal ClustersLuminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods)ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FLUORESCENCE EMISSIONHomogeneous and Inhomogeneous Band Broadening - Red-Edge EffectsGeneral Considerations on Solvent EffectsSolvent Relaxation Subsequent to Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT)Theory of Solvatochromic ShiftsEffects of Specific InteractionsEmpirical Scales of Solvent PolarityViscosity EffectsFluorescence in Gas Phase: Supersonic JetsEFFECTS OF INTERMOLECULAR PHOTOPHYSICAL PROCESSES ON FLUORESCENCEEMISSIONIntroductionOverview of the Intermolecular De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules Leading to Fluorescence QuenchingPhotoinduced Electron TransferFormation of Excimers and ExciplexesPhotoinduced Proton TransferFLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION: EMISSION ANISOTROPYPolarized Light and Photoselection of Absorbing MoleculesCharacterization of the Polarization State of Fluorescence (Polarization Ratio and Emission Anisotropy)Instantaneous and Steady-State AnisotropyAdditivity Law of AnisotropyRelation between Emission Anisotropy and Angular Distribution of the Emission Transition MomentsCase of Motionless Molecules with Random OrientationEffect of Rotational MotionApplicationsEXCITATION ENERGY TRANSFERIntroductionDistinction between Radiative and Nonradiative TransferRadiative Energy TransferNonradiative Energy TransferDetermination of Distances at a Supramolecular Level Using FRETFRET in Ensembles of Donors and AcceptorsFRET between Like Molecules: Excitation Energy Migration in Assemblies of ChromophoresOverview of Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of FRETPART II: TECHNIQUESSTEADY-STATE SPECTROFL UOROMETRYOperating Principles of a Spectrofl uorometerCorrection of Excitation SpectraCorrection of Emission SpectraMeasurement of Fluorescence Quantum YieldsPossible Artifacts in Spectrofl uorometryMeasurement of Steady-State Emission Anisotropy: Polarization SpectraTIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUESBasic Equations of Pulse and Phase-Modulation FluorimetriesPulse FluorimetryPhase-Modulation FluorimetryArtifacts in Time-Resolved FluorimetryData AnalysisLifetime StandardsTime-Resolved Polarization MeasurementsTime-Resolved Fluorescence SpectraLifetime-Based Decomposition of SpectraComparison between Single-Photon Timing Fluorimetry and Phase-Modulation FluorimetryFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPYWide-Field (Conventional), Confocal, and Two-Photon Fluorescence MicroscopiesSuper-Resolution (Subdiffraction) TechniquesFluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)ApplicationsFLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY AND SINGLE-MOLECULE FLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPYFluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS)Single-Molecule Fluorescence SpectroscopyPART III: APPLICATIONSEVALUATION OF LOCAL PHYSICAL PARAMETERS BY MEANS OF FLUORESCENT PROBESFluorescent Probes for PolarityEstimation of 'Microviscosity', Fluidity, and Molecular MobilityTemperaturePressureCHEMICAL SENSING VIA FLUORESCENCEIntroductionVarious Approaches of Fluorescence SensingFluorescent pH Indicators 412 Transfer (PET)Design Principles of Fluorescent Molecular Sensors Based on Ion or Molecule RecognitionFluorescent Molecular Sensors of Metal IonsFluorescent Molecular Sensors of AnionsFluorescent Molecular Sensors of Neutral MoleculesFluorescence Sensing of GasesSensing DevicesRemote Sensing by Fluorescence LIDARAUTOFL UORESCENCE AND FLUORESCENCE LABELING IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINEIntroductionNatural (Intrinsic) Chromophores and FluorophoresFluorescent Proteins (FPs)Fluorescent Small MoleculesQuantum Dots and Other Luminescent NanoparticlesConclusionMISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONSFluorescent Whitening AgentsFluorescent Nondestructive TestingFood ScienceForensicsCounterfeit DetectionFluorescence in ArtAPPENDIX: CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUORESCENT ORGANIC COMPOUNDSINDEX