Andrew Goodwyn – författare

New communications technology has been a boon to teaching and learning subjects of English, from reading and writing to literature such as Shakespeare. This book explores the ways that information and communications technology, or ICT, can be employed in teaching English and enriching the abilities of students. What are the advantages of ICT, and what are some of the concerns? Contributors from Europe, Australia, and North America address the use of media in teaching, from video, film, and audiotape to computer games and online resources. English in the Digital Age surveys the ways ICT is presently being employed in teaching and learning, and it introduces new methods for education.

The fourth volume in the successful IFTE series provides an international perspective on the knowledge and professional development of the English teaching workforce. It provides a state-of-the-art review of English teaching and teachers and how they are developed over time.With contributions from leading scholars around the world, this volume is divided into four sections that follow the journey of an English teacher from being a student, to the latter stages of professional development and becoming a teacher. It sheds light on how different elements such as school culture, professional development, higher-level qualifications, professional associations and government policies contribute or detract from retention and job satisfaction.International Perspectives on English Teacher Development serves as ideal reading for the research and teacher education community along with teachers and student teachers globally.

The fourth volume in the successful IFTE series provides an international perspective on the knowledge and professional development of the English teaching workforce. It provides a state-of-the-art review of English teaching and teachers and how they are developed over time.With contributions from leading scholars around the world, this volume is divided into four sections that follow the journey of an English teacher from being a student, to the latter stages of professional development and becoming a teacher. It sheds light on how different elements such as school culture, professional development, higher-level qualifications, professional associations and government policies contribute or detract from retention and job satisfaction.International Perspectives on English Teacher Development serves as ideal reading for the research and teacher education community along with teachers and student teachers globally.

Andrew Goodwyn's straightforward approach to teaching about the moving image de-mystifies this topic and shows how it can be easily incorporated into classroom practice.The first of its kind, this book builds on teachers' knowledge of teaching about advertising, newspapers and visual adaptations of literary texts, and provides practical advice and guidance on:* Adaptations: not just the film of the book* Teaching film* Teaching television* Practical work* New technologies and the moving audience.This jargon-free book will be a stimulating and useful guide to teachers and student teachers looking to improve their knowledge of the moving image and its recent arrival in secondary school teaching.

Andrew Goodwyn's straightforward approach to teaching about the moving image de-mystifies this topic and shows how it can be easily incorporated into classroom practice.The first of its kind, this book builds on teachers' knowledge of teaching about advertising, newspapers and visual adaptations of literary texts, and provides practical advice and guidance on:* Adaptations: not just the film of the book* Teaching film* Teaching television* Practical work* New technologies and the moving audience.This jargon-free book will be a stimulating and useful guide to teachers and student teachers looking to improve their knowledge of the moving image and its recent arrival in secondary school teaching.

The Expert Teacher of English is for all passionate teachers – both novice and expert - who aspire to become outstanding professionals. It considers what we mean by ‘expert’ and ‘expertise’, explores concepts that are vital to understanding what expertise in teaching is ‘for’, and discusses the characteristics of excellent teaching.As increasing attention is being paid to the concept of the professional who can model excellent teaching and mentor and develop others, it provides a critical analysis of The Advanced Skills Teacher and the Excellent Teacher, as well as the Chartered Teacher in Scotland and the ‘highly accomplished teacher’ in the US. Ideas and issues considered include:The nature of English as a school subjectWhat it means to be part of a professionCurriculum design, lesson planning and assessmentOpportunities for technologies in the English classroomWorking collaboratively with colleagues, mentoring and observationContinuing professional development and researchDrawing on the views, ideas and experiences of a group of skilful teachers, The Expert Teacher of English aims to stimulate personal and professional development, help you reflect on the concept of expertise, and support you as you develop as a highly accomplished teacher.

The Expert Teacher of English is for all passionate teachers – both novice and expert - who aspire to become outstanding professionals. It considers what we mean by ‘expert’ and ‘expertise’, explores concepts that are vital to understanding what expertise in teaching is ‘for’, and discusses the characteristics of excellent teaching.As increasing attention is being paid to the concept of the professional who can model excellent teaching and mentor and develop others, it provides a critical analysis of The Advanced Skills Teacher and the Excellent Teacher, as well as the Chartered Teacher in Scotland and the ‘highly accomplished teacher’ in the US. Ideas and issues considered include:The nature of English as a school subjectWhat it means to be part of a professionCurriculum design, lesson planning and assessmentOpportunities for technologies in the English classroomWorking collaboratively with colleagues, mentoring and observationContinuing professional development and researchDrawing on the views, ideas and experiences of a group of skilful teachers, The Expert Teacher of English aims to stimulate personal and professional development, help you reflect on the concept of expertise, and support you as you develop as a highly accomplished teacher.

This handbook provides a comprehensive introduction to teaching English in primary and secondary schools. It brings together the latest standards with authoritative guidance, ensuring that readers feel confident about how to approach their teaching. It explores the context of the subject of English and brings readers up-to-date with key developments, placing the English curriculum in the context of whole school literacy issues. It introduces readers to key areas such as:planning and classroom managementassessment, recording and reportinginformation and communication technologyequal opportunities, special needs and differentiationEnglish/literacy and whole school issuespersonal and professional early career development.This practical book gives new English teachers a solid and dependable introduction to teaching the subject. Many of the contributors are practising classroom teachers with enormous experience to draw on. The book is grounded in the realities of teaching and offers practical and relevant advice as well as plenty of ideas to stimulate thinking and teaching.

The renowned and highly experienced editors of this book bring together the leading voices in contemporary English education under the banner of the International Federation for the Teaching of English (IFTE). The collected chapters here represent the very best of international writing on the teaching of English in the past decade. The key issues and debates surrounding English teaching across the globe are discussed and analysed accessibly, and incorporate wide-ranging topics including:• The impact of high stakes testing on teaching and learning;• Addressing the needs of minority groups;• The digitization of literature and new conceptions of text;• Rewriting the canon;• Dealing with curriculum change;• "Best practices" in the teaching of English;• The tension between ‘literacy’ and ‘English’;• English and bilingual education;• The impact of digital technologies on teaching and learning;• Conceptions of English as a subject [secondary and tertiary];• Bringing the critical into the English/Literacy classroom;• The future of subject English;• Empowering voices on the margins;• Pre-service teacher education;• The social networking English classroom.This text looks at the changing face of subject English from the differing perspectives of policy makers, teacher educators, teachers and their students. It tackles some of the hard questions posed by technological advances in a global society, challenges conventional approaches to teaching and points to the emerging possibilities for a traditional school subject such as English in the face of rapid change and increasing societal expectations. Despite all of the converging political and technological threats, the authors of this engaging and insightful text portray an immense confidence in the ultimate worth of teaching and learning subject English.

The renowned and highly experienced editors of this book bring together the leading voices in contemporary English education under the banner of the International Federation for the Teaching of English (IFTE). The collected chapters here represent the very best of international writing on the teaching of English in the past decade. The key issues and debates surrounding English teaching across the globe are discussed and analysed accessibly, and incorporate wide-ranging topics including:• The impact of high stakes testing on teaching and learning;• Addressing the needs of minority groups;• The digitization of literature and new conceptions of text;• Rewriting the canon;• Dealing with curriculum change;• "Best practices" in the teaching of English;• The tension between ‘literacy’ and ‘English’;• English and bilingual education;• The impact of digital technologies on teaching and learning;• Conceptions of English as a subject [secondary and tertiary];• Bringing the critical into the English/Literacy classroom;• The future of subject English;• Empowering voices on the margins;• Pre-service teacher education;• The social networking English classroom.This text looks at the changing face of subject English from the differing perspectives of policy makers, teacher educators, teachers and their students. It tackles some of the hard questions posed by technological advances in a global society, challenges conventional approaches to teaching and points to the emerging possibilities for a traditional school subject such as English in the face of rapid change and increasing societal expectations. Despite all of the converging political and technological threats, the authors of this engaging and insightful text portray an immense confidence in the ultimate worth of teaching and learning subject English.

The nature of literacy is an issue of global debate. When the National Literacy Strategy [NLS] was introduced into UK schools it was arguably the most ambitious educational reform programme in the world, and the controversy necessarily intensified. How can the impact of such reforms be assessed? In its ten year history the NLS affected every primary and secondary teacher in the country and, therefore, every child. The initiative provoked a widespread recognition of the importance of literacy for all children and attracted the attention of many other governments. This book is the first definitive and objective review and evaluation of the impact of these literacy reforms. With contributions from the most respected experts on literacy and English from the UK and from across the world, this unprecedented critical examination explores: How teaching policy and practice were impacted by the reforms How the NLS came into being, how it was operated, what it did and did not achieve What we can learn from its successes and failures The most important aspects of the reforms, from policing grammar to the impact of ‘The Literacy Game’ and ‘informed prescription’ on teaching.Whether you are a policy maker or classroom teacher, this book is an invaluable resource to anyone concerned about literacy. It provides readers from around the world with a genuine and evidence-based perspective on this immense initiative, lucidly evaluating the lessons learned from both its ambitions and its failures.

The nature of literacy is an issue of global debate. When the National Literacy Strategy [NLS] was introduced into UK schools it was arguably the most ambitious educational reform programme in the world, and the controversy necessarily intensified. How can the impact of such reforms be assessed? In its ten year history the NLS affected every primary and secondary teacher in the country and, therefore, every child. The initiative provoked a widespread recognition of the importance of literacy for all children and attracted the attention of many other governments. This book is the first definitive and objective review and evaluation of the impact of these literacy reforms. With contributions from the most respected experts on literacy and English from the UK and from across the world, this unprecedented critical examination explores: How teaching policy and practice were impacted by the reforms How the NLS came into being, how it was operated, what it did and did not achieve What we can learn from its successes and failures The most important aspects of the reforms, from policing grammar to the impact of ‘The Literacy Game’ and ‘informed prescription’ on teaching.Whether you are a policy maker or classroom teacher, this book is an invaluable resource to anyone concerned about literacy. It provides readers from around the world with a genuine and evidence-based perspective on this immense initiative, lucidly evaluating the lessons learned from both its ambitions and its failures.

Expert Teachers is a compelling book that explores issues surrounding the concept of the expert teacher from a truly international perspective. Expert teaching, a global phenomenon that exerts significant influence on education policy and practice, has developed rapidly since the 1980s and significantly impacted many teachers’ careers. As a result, this book poses pertinent and important questions scrutinising the topic as well as considering possibilities for future models. The book reviews and expands upon issues such as: What does it mean to be an ‘expert’ teacher? What have been the most successful models of expert teaching? Is rewarding a minority of the ‘best’ teachers a sustainable method of raising standards? What is the role of expertise in furthering the aim to make teaching a ‘top tier’ career? What are the dominant and emerging models of expert teaching globally? What ways can we expect models of expert teaching to develop in the future?With case studies of specific systems, and analyses of the issues and context therein, this book offers an exceptional insight into the effects of expert teaching models – their effects on the teacher as an individual as well as standards and education policy internationally. The book argues that the current focus on pursuing misleading high-stakes test scores is underserving the teaching profession and that instead the focus for expert teaching should be grounded in issues of social justice and community wellbeing. This book will appeal greatly to current teachers, those currently undertaking teacher training and students or academics carrying out research in the field of teacher education, professional development and expertise.

Expert Teachers is a compelling book that explores issues surrounding the concept of the expert teacher from a truly international perspective. Expert teaching, a global phenomenon that exerts significant influence on education policy and practice, has developed rapidly since the 1980s and significantly impacted many teachers’ careers. As a result, this book poses pertinent and important questions scrutinising the topic as well as considering possibilities for future models. The book reviews and expands upon issues such as: What does it mean to be an ‘expert’ teacher? What have been the most successful models of expert teaching? Is rewarding a minority of the ‘best’ teachers a sustainable method of raising standards? What is the role of expertise in furthering the aim to make teaching a ‘top tier’ career? What are the dominant and emerging models of expert teaching globally? What ways can we expect models of expert teaching to develop in the future?With case studies of specific systems, and analyses of the issues and context therein, this book offers an exceptional insight into the effects of expert teaching models – their effects on the teacher as an individual as well as standards and education policy internationally. The book argues that the current focus on pursuing misleading high-stakes test scores is underserving the teaching profession and that instead the focus for expert teaching should be grounded in issues of social justice and community wellbeing. This book will appeal greatly to current teachers, those currently undertaking teacher training and students or academics carrying out research in the field of teacher education, professional development and expertise.

`[This book] has definitely aided my understanding of the processes involved in taking a critical stance and would enable me to pick out and maybe even teach the different facets of critical thinking. It has also developed my knowledge in the field of language and literacy education' - British Journal of Educational Studies

Following other volumes in the Learning to Read Critically series, Learning to Read Critically in Language and Literacy aims to develop skills of critical analysis and research design. It presents a series of examples of `best practice' in language and literacy education research at a time when literacy development and learning through language are key policy issues.

This book is an overview of issues in Language and Literacy Education research, as well as a guide to appropriate research methods, and how to do a literature survey. Leading researchers present a research project, together with their gloss on why they did it that way; what they found, or did not find, and why the research worked or in some cases did not work. The book is intended as a reference and teaching text for taught postgraduate courses in the area of language and literacy.

This series, edited by Mike Wallace, supports research-based teaching on masters and taught doctorate courses in the humanities and social sciences fields of enquiry. Each book is a 'three in one' text designed to assist advanced course tutors and dissertation supervisors with key research-based teaching tasks and aims to:

•develop students' critical understanding of research literature

•increase students' appreciation of what can be achieved in small-scale investigations similar to those which they undertake for their dissertation

•present students with major findings, generalisations and concepts connected to their particular field.

`[This book] has definitely aided my understanding of the processes involved in taking a critical stance and would enable me to pick out and maybe even teach the different facets of critical thinking. It has also developed my knowledge in the field of language and literacy education' - British Journal of Educational Studies

Following other volumes in the Learning to Read Critically series, Learning to Read Critically in Language and Literacy aims to develop skills of critical analysis and research design. It presents a series of examples of `best practice' in language and literacy education research at a time when literacy development and learning through language are key policy issues.

This book is an overview of issues in Language and Literacy Education research, as well as a guide to appropriate research methods, and how to do a literature survey. Leading researchers present a research project, together with their gloss on why they did it that way; what they found, or did not find, and why the research worked or in some cases did not work. The book is intended as a reference and teaching text for taught postgraduate courses in the area of language and literacy.

This series, edited by Mike Wallace, supports research-based teaching on masters and taught doctorate courses in the humanities and social sciences fields of enquiry. Each book is a 'three in one' text designed to assist advanced course tutors and dissertation supervisors with key research-based teaching tasks and aims to:

•develop students' critical understanding of research literature

•increase students' appreciation of what can be achieved in small-scale investigations similar to those which they undertake for their dissertation

•present students with major findings, generalisations and concepts connected to their particular field.

`Improving Literacy at KS2 and KS3 is all about primary-secondary transfer, seen mostly through the eyes of secondary teachers, but with some interesting contributions from middle-school staff who know the territory well. This book sees the NLS's influence on primary practice as generally benign, but takes a more jaundiced view of the implications for secondary teaching, especially in its central chapter "Evidence from experienced practitioners". There are, however, many useful suggestions for reshaping and adapting parts of the strategy, including chapters on classroom literacy and everyday life and literacy and drama which consider ways of relating learning to the wider culture beyond school, including screen-based literacy. There is also a review of the language-across-the-curriculum movement and a chapter on subject literacies which has left me with an abiding admiration for geography teachers as lone voices of dissent' - Sue Palmer, TES Teacher

This book will to help students and practising teachers to understand the issues surrounding literacy, the place of transition in pupils' lives, and to feel confident in handling The National Literacy Strategy.

The book focuses on the crucial period when children complete primary schooling and begin in secondary schools. It examines the issue of transition from one phase to the other and specifically, the nature of literacy at this period. The authors contrast the `whole school' approach of primaries to the very subject-specific nature of secondary teaching.

The authors set the NLS in perspective, reviewing earlier movements such as Language across the Curriculum and the NLS itself. They offer a critique of the strategy and outline its strengths and weaknesses. The book sets out evidence of the way schools are reacting to the NLS, and what classroom teachers and their pupils think. Its coverage is comprehensive and includes focus on primary, secondary and middle schools, the teaching of literacy and English, the role of ICT, as well as important areas such as media education, drama and modern foreign languages.

This book will be useful to education students and to practicing teachers in primary and secondary schools.

English Language Arts as an Emancipatory Subject explores the changing nature and history of the English Language as an emancipatory subject, as well as how its current activities and projects address and challenge inequalities. Various forms of critical literacy have established English teaching as a radical force for social justice and subversion. However, the expert contributors to this book question whether English is a force for good in its capacity to develop literate citizens, or, are there larger contemporary complications surrounding it? This book will re-examine the history of English, its present quality as a classroom subject and its future potential to re-establish itself as an agent of social equality and change. Edited by internationally leading scholars from the UK, USA and Australia with contributions from New Zealand and Canada, this work will also inspire English teachers to view their subject as one through which positive differences are imagined, and complex real-life issues are debated and challenged in the classroom. The volume is an excellent overview of research and the latest thinking about the nature of English as an emancipatory subject, its distinguished history and its potential for the future. It will be a key resource for the research and teacher-education community, English teachers, student teachers, and anyone who views English teaching as a catalyst of social change.Chapter 7 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

English Language Arts as an Emancipatory Subject explores the changing nature and history of the English Language as an emancipatory subject, as well as how its current activities and projects address and challenge inequalities. Various forms of critical literacy have established English teaching as a radical force for social justice and subversion. However, the expert contributors to this book question whether English is a force for good in its capacity to develop literate citizens, or, are there larger contemporary complications surrounding it? This book will re-examine the history of English, its present quality as a classroom subject and its future potential to re-establish itself as an agent of social equality and change. Edited by internationally leading scholars from the UK, USA and Australia with contributions from New Zealand and Canada, this work will also inspire English teachers to view their subject as one through which positive differences are imagined, and complex real-life issues are debated and challenged in the classroom. The volume is an excellent overview of research and the latest thinking about the nature of English as an emancipatory subject, its distinguished history and its potential for the future. It will be a key resource for the research and teacher-education community, English teachers, student teachers, and anyone who views English teaching as a catalyst of social change.Chapter 7 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

This handbook provides a comprehensive introduction to teaching English in primary and secondary schools. It brings together the latest standards with authoritative guidance, ensuring that readers feel confident about how to approach their teaching. It explores the context of the subject of English and brings readers up-to-date with key developments, placing the English curriculum in the context of whole school literacy issues. It introduces readers to key areas such as:planning and classroom managementassessment, recording and reportinginformation and communication technologyequal opportunities, special needs and differentiationEnglish/literacy and whole school issuespersonal and professional early career development.This practical book gives new English teachers a solid and dependable introduction to teaching the subject. Many of the contributors are practising classroom teachers with enormous experience to draw on. The book is grounded in the realities of teaching and offers practical and relevant advice as well as plenty of ideas to stimulate thinking and teaching.

Literature teaching remains central to the teaching of English around the world. This edited text brings together expert global figures under the banner of the International Federation for the Teaching of English (IFTE). The book captures a state-of-the-art snapshot of leading trends in current literature teaching, as well as detailing predicted trends for the future.The expert scholar and leading teacher contributors, coming from a wide range of countries with fascinatingly diverse approaches to literature teaching, cover a range of central and fundamental topics: literature and diversity; digital literatures; pedagogy and reader response; mother tongues; the business of reading; publishers, adolescent fiction and censorship; assessing responses to literature; the changing definitions of literature and multimodal texts.The collection reviews the consistently important place of literature in the education of young people and provides international evidence of its enduring value and contribution to education, resisting the functionalist and narrowly nationalist perspectives of misguided government authorities.International Perspectives on the Teaching of Literature in Schools will be of value to researchers, PhD students, literature scholars, practitioners, teacher educators, teachers and all those in the extensive academic community interested in English and literacy around the world.

Literature teaching remains central to the teaching of English around the world. This edited text brings together expert global figures under the banner of the International Federation for the Teaching of English (IFTE). The book captures a state-of-the-art snapshot of leading trends in current literature teaching, as well as detailing predicted trends for the future.The expert scholar and leading teacher contributors, coming from a wide range of countries with fascinatingly diverse approaches to literature teaching, cover a range of central and fundamental topics: literature and diversity; digital literatures; pedagogy and reader response; mother tongues; the business of reading; publishers, adolescent fiction and censorship; assessing responses to literature; the changing definitions of literature and multimodal texts.The collection reviews the consistently important place of literature in the education of young people and provides international evidence of its enduring value and contribution to education, resisting the functionalist and narrowly nationalist perspectives of misguided government authorities.International Perspectives on the Teaching of Literature in Schools will be of value to researchers, PhD students, literature scholars, practitioners, teacher educators, teachers and all those in the extensive academic community interested in English and literacy around the world.

The seminal Dartmouth Conference (1966) remains a remarkably influential moment in the history of English teaching. Bringing together leading voices in contemporary English education, this book celebrates the Conference and its legacy, drawing attention to what it has achieved, and the questions it has raised.Encompassing a multitude of reflections on the Dartmouth Conference, The Future of English Teaching Worldwide provides fresh and revisionist readings of the meeting and its leading figures. Chapters showcase innovative and exciting new insights for English scholars, and address both theoretical and practical elements of teaching English in a variety of settings and countries. Covering topics including the place of new media in English curricula, the role of the canon, poetry and grammar, the text is divided into three accessible parts: Historical perspectives Dartmouth today: why it still matters Reflections: but for the future.This powerful collection will be of value to researchers, postgraduate students, literature scholars, practitioners, teacher educators, trainee and in-service teachers, as well as other parties involved in the teaching and study of English.

The seminal Dartmouth Conference (1966) remains a remarkably influential moment in the history of English teaching. Bringing together leading voices in contemporary English education, this book celebrates the Conference and its legacy, drawing attention to what it has achieved, and the questions it has raised.Encompassing a multitude of reflections on the Dartmouth Conference, The Future of English Teaching Worldwide provides fresh and revisionist readings of the meeting and its leading figures. Chapters showcase innovative and exciting new insights for English scholars, and address both theoretical and practical elements of teaching English in a variety of settings and countries. Covering topics including the place of new media in English curricula, the role of the canon, poetry and grammar, the text is divided into three accessible parts: Historical perspectives Dartmouth today: why it still matters Reflections: but for the future.This powerful collection will be of value to researchers, postgraduate students, literature scholars, practitioners, teacher educators, trainee and in-service teachers, as well as other parties involved in the teaching and study of English.

Taking a novel approach to the concept of ‘voice’ within education systems, this insightful text considers the extent to which the values, opinions, beliefs and perspectives of pupils, families, teachers, and members of senior management are heard in educational settings, and explores what can be learned from integrating their views and opinions in decision-making processes.Pupil, Teacher and Family Voice in Educational Institutions traces the historical and legal developments which have heralded an increased appreciation of individuals’ perspectives in key decision-making processes. Chapters consider how various parties can be encouraged to voice their opinions and beliefs, and address the issues and challenges which may face institutions as they seek to create an atmosphere of open and active consultation and engagement. Drawing on evidence-based research, case studies and personal accounts, chapters reflect upon the concept of ‘voice’ in diverse settings and acknowledge the sometimes significant divergence between the intended and actual extent to which such opinions, beliefs and perspectives are reflected in day-to-day practice.Offering in-depth exploration of the concept of ‘voice’ and the benefits, implications, challenges and practicalities associated with it, this text will be of interest to future and in-service teachers, educational researchers and policy makers.

Taking a novel approach to the concept of ‘voice’ within education systems, this insightful text considers the extent to which the values, opinions, beliefs and perspectives of pupils, families, teachers, and members of senior management are heard in educational settings, and explores what can be learned from integrating their views and opinions in decision-making processes.Pupil, Teacher and Family Voice in Educational Institutions traces the historical and legal developments which have heralded an increased appreciation of individuals’ perspectives in key decision-making processes. Chapters consider how various parties can be encouraged to voice their opinions and beliefs, and address the issues and challenges which may face institutions as they seek to create an atmosphere of open and active consultation and engagement. Drawing on evidence-based research, case studies and personal accounts, chapters reflect upon the concept of ‘voice’ in diverse settings and acknowledge the sometimes significant divergence between the intended and actual extent to which such opinions, beliefs and perspectives are reflected in day-to-day practice.Offering in-depth exploration of the concept of ‘voice’ and the benefits, implications, challenges and practicalities associated with it, this text will be of interest to future and in-service teachers, educational researchers and policy makers.