Bruno Horisberger – författare

As the focus on pharmaceuticals has broadened from concern for their cost and effectiveness to their real and potential risks and benefits, a critical question has been raised: whose responsibility is it to improve drug safety? In April 1990, this question became the theme for a conference at Wolfsberg, Switzerland, near the shores of Lake Constance. Called an "international dialogue conference" by its organizers, the meeting brought together leaders from the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, academia, medicine, consumer organizations and the media. Opening addresses were given by representatives of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA), the Swiss International Pharmaceutical Agency, and the RAD-AR Consortium. This book documents the papers presented and discussions held at this conference, which took the topic of risks and benefits of drug therapy one step further to responsibility. It includes a rich menu of issues for those who care about the evaluation of drug therapy, the ethics behind it, the expectations of the patient, and the role of traditional and nontraditional drug safety communica­ tions. The ideas expressed here come from different parts of the world but relate to common drug safety problems, observations, and scientific assessments; they provide insights into innovative approaches, cautious changes, and desired actions. The papers in this volume are broadly divided into conceptual perspectives (ethics, how the knowledge about drug risks and benefits is generated and appraised, the expectations in drug safety) and operational perspectives (communication, discussion, and action).

Modern drugs are invented according to medical needs, making use of the latest innovations in technology. They are sophisticated, efficacious, and costly, but are they effective? Are they superior to existing - and cheaper - alternatives, and is this superiority reflected in increased cost-effectiveness? Are they socially more beneficial? These questions, and those related to the intriguing search for better quality of life, are addressed in this book by experts from the fields of medicine, epidemiology, economics, sociology and the pharmaceutical industry. The book describes the environmental situation in the United States and Europe in which pharmaceutical development takes place; it also explores the grounds for agreement as well as disagreement between the social and the economic evaluations of progress. It tackles the problem of outcome measurements, patients'' behavior, quality of life, and individual value judgments and describes methodological boundaries in the socioeconomic evaluation of drugs.

As the focus on pharmaceuticals has broadened from concern for their cost and effectiveness to their real and potential risks and benefits, a critical question has been raised: whose responsibility is it to improve drug safety? In April 1990, this question became the theme for a conference at Wolfsberg, Switzerland, near the shores of Lake Constance. Called an "international dialogue conference" by its organizers, the meeting brought together leaders from the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, academia, medicine, consumer organizations and the media. Opening addresses were given by representatives of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations (IFPMA), the Swiss International Pharmaceutical Agency, and the RAD-AR Consortium. This book documents the papers presented and discussions held at this conference, which took the topic of risks and benefits of drug therapy one step further to responsibility. It includes a rich menu of issues for those who care about the evaluation of drug therapy, the ethics behind it, the expectations of the patient, and the role of traditional and nontraditional drug safety communica­ tions. The ideas expressed here come from different parts of the world but relate to common drug safety problems, observations, and scientific assessments; they provide insights into innovative approaches, cautious changes, and desired actions. The papers in this volume are broadly divided into conceptual perspectives (ethics, how the knowledge about drug risks and benefits is generated and appraised, the expectations in drug safety) and operational perspectives (communication, discussion, and action).

Modern drugs are invented according to medical needs, making use of the latest innovations in technology. They are sophisticated, efficacious, and costly, but are they effective? Are they superior to existing - and cheaper - alternatives, and is this superiority reflected in increased cost-effectiveness? Are they socially more beneficial? These questions, and those related to the intriguing search for better quality of life, are addressed in this book by experts from the fields of medicine, epidemiology, economics, sociology and the pharmaceutical industry. The book describes the environmental situation in the United States and Europe in which pharmaceutical development takes place; it also explores the grounds for agreement as well as disagreement between the social and the economic evaluations of progress. It tackles the problem of outcome measurements, patients' behavior, quality of life, and individual value judgments and describes methodological boundaries in the socioeconomic evaluation of drugs.

In the past two decades public debate about the risks, benefits, and safety associated with drugs has intensified. Public disputes over risks are brought to court when individuals seek compensation for health problems attributed to a pharmaceutical product. The issue reaches legislatures and regulatory agencies when consumer advocates seek to influence the standards of drug usage. Front-page news tends to focus on accidents or other risk events with drugs. Drug risk and drug safety have become an important political issue. Drug regulat­ ory agencies have been instituted, and their responsibility has increased. The approval to market a drug is dependent on a set of sophisticated studies executed according to strict protocols and scientifically defined criteria. Drug surveillance activities have gained recognition, and reporting systems to identify drug safety problems have been strengthened. The understanding and management of drug safety is, nonetheless, beset by doubts, disagreements, and disputes. Conflict occurs over the significance of risk, the adequacy of evidence, the methodologies used to evaluate and measure risk, the standards that guide regulation, and the optimal means of communicating risk information to the public.