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In 2022, the ILC adopted the Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms of General International Law. The text of the Draft Conclusions consists of twenty-three Draft Conclusions and addresses two aspects: the identification of peremptory norms and their legal consequences. Attached to the Draft Conclusions is an Annex with a non-exhaustive list of jus cogens norms previously identified by the Commission. The International Law Commission's Draft Conclusions on Peremptory Norms serves, in part, as a commentary on the ILC's work and provides a broader understanding of the Draft Conclusions from the perspective of an insider. The book goes beyond a commentary, however, as it provides an analysis and evaluation of the broader legal issues raised by the Draft Conclusions. Relying inter alia on the discussions within the Commission and the doctrinal debate surrounding the concepts covered, the book will not only offer explanation of what is addressed in the Draft Conclusions but also an assessment of the choices made by the Commission and the consequences of those choices.

In this book, self-defence against non-state actors is examined by three scholars whose geographical, professional, theoretical, and methodological backgrounds and outlooks differ greatly. Their trialogue is framed by an introduction and a conclusion by the series editors. The novel scholarly format accommodates the pluralism and value changes of the current era, a shifting world order and the rise in nationalism and populism. It brings to light the cultural, professional and political pluralism which characterises international legal scholarship and exploits this pluralism as a heuristic device. This multiperspectivism exposes how political factors and intellectual styles influence the scholarly approaches and legal answers and the trialogical structure encourages its participants to decentre their perspectives. By explicitly focussing on the authors' divergence and disagreement, a richer understanding of self-defence against non-state actors is achieved, and the legal challenges and possible ways ahead identified.

In this book, self-defence against non-state actors is examined by three scholars whose geographical, professional, theoretical, and methodological backgrounds and outlooks differ greatly. Their trialogue is framed by an introduction and a conclusion by the series editors. The novel scholarly format accommodates the pluralism and value changes of the current era, a shifting world order and the rise in nationalism and populism. It brings to light the cultural, professional and political pluralism which characterises international legal scholarship and exploits this pluralism as a heuristic device. This multiperspectivism exposes how political factors and intellectual styles influence the scholarly approaches and legal answers and the trialogical structure encourages its participants to decentre their perspectives. By explicitly focussing on the authors' divergence and disagreement, a richer understanding of self-defence against non-state actors is achieved, and the legal challenges and possible ways ahead identified.