Julia Jorati - Böcker

Why does a wine glass break when you drop it, whereas a steel goblet does not? The answer may seem obvious: glass, unlike steel, is fragile. This is an explanation in terms of a power or disposition: the glass breaks because it possesses a particular power, namely fragility. Seemingly simple, such intrinsic dispositions or powers have fascinated philosophers for centuries. A power's central task is explaining why a thing changes in the ways that it does, rather than in other ways: powers should explain why an acorn turns into an oak tree, not a sunflower, or why fire burns wood, and wood can catch fire. This volume examines the twists and turns of the fascinating history of a difficult philosophical concept, focusing on the metaphysical sense of "powers"--that is, the powers that are invoked in the explanation of natural changes and activities. Scholars probe the views of thinkers from antiquity to the present day: Anaxagoras, Plato, the Stoics, Abelard, Anselm, Henry of Ghent, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Margaret Cavendish, Mary Shepherd, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and numerous others. In addition, the volume contains four short reflection essays that examine the concept of powers from the perspective of disciplines other than philosophy, namely history of music, West African religions, history of chemistry, and history of art.The history of philosophy brims with controversies surrounding the concept of power, and these controversies have not diminished--particularly as potentialities or powers see a revival in contemporary analytic metaphysics. Hence, telling the history of philosophical theories of powers means exploring the trajectory of a concept whose importance to the past and present of philosophy can hardly be overstated.

Why does a wine glass break when you drop it, whereas a steel goblet does not? The answer may seem obvious: glass, unlike steel, is fragile. This is an explanation in terms of a power or disposition: the glass breaks because it possesses a particular power, namely fragility. Seemingly simple, such intrinsic dispositions or powers have fascinated philosophers for centuries. A power's central task is explaining why a thing changes in the ways that it does, rather than in other ways: powers should explain why an acorn turns into an oak tree, not a sunflower, or why fire burns wood, and wood can catch fire. This volume examines the twists and turns of the fascinating history of a difficult philosophical concept, focusing on the metaphysical sense of "powers"--that is, the powers that are invoked in the explanation of natural changes and activities. Scholars probe the views of thinkers from antiquity to the present day: Anaxagoras, Plato, the Stoics, Abelard, Anselm, Henry of Ghent, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Margaret Cavendish, Mary Shepherd, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and numerous others. In addition, the volume contains four short reflection essays that examine the concept of powers from the perspective of disciplines other than philosophy, namely history of music, West African religions, history of chemistry, and history of art.The history of philosophy brims with controversies surrounding the concept of power, and these controversies have not diminished--particularly as potentialities or powers see a revival in contemporary analytic metaphysics. Hence, telling the history of philosophical theories of powers means exploring the trajectory of a concept whose importance to the past and present of philosophy can hardly be overstated.

Millions of Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas in the eighteenth century. Europeans--many of whom viewed themselves as enlightened--endorsed, funded, legislated, and executed the slave trade. This atrocity had a profound impact on philosophy, but historians of the discipline have so far neglected to address the topics of slavery and race. Many authors--including enslaved and formerly enslaved Black authors--used philosophical ideas to advocate for abolition, analyze racist attitudes, and critique racial bias. Other authors attempted to justify the transatlantic slave trade by advancing philosophical defenses of racial chattel slavery. Slavery and Race: Philosophical Debates in the Eighteenth Century explores these philosophical ideas and arguments, with a focus on the role race played in discussions of slavery. In doing so, author Julia Jorati reveals how closely associated Blackness and slavery were at that time and how many White people viewed Black people as naturally destined for slavery. In addition to examining well-known authors like David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jorati also discusses less widely studied philosophers like Quobna Ottobah Cugoano, Lemuel Haynes, and Olympe de Gouges. By revealing important aspects of debates about slavery in North America and Europe, this book and its companion volume on the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries are valuable resources for readers interested in a more complete history of early modern philosophy.

Millions of Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas in the eighteenth century. Europeans--many of whom viewed themselves as enlightened--endorsed, funded, legislated, and executed the slave trade. This atrocity had a profound impact on philosophy, but historians of the discipline have so far neglected to address the topics of slavery and race. Many authors--including enslaved and formerly enslaved Black authors--used philosophical ideas to advocate for abolition, analyze racist attitudes, and critique racial bias. Other authors attempted to justify the transatlantic slave trade by advancing philosophical defenses of racial chattel slavery. Slavery and Race: Philosophical Debates in the Eighteenth Century explores these philosophical ideas and arguments, with a focus on the role race played in discussions of slavery. In doing so, author Julia Jorati reveals how closely associated Blackness and slavery were at that time and how many White people viewed Black people as naturally destined for slavery. In addition to examining well-known authors like David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jorati also discusses less widely studied philosophers like Quobna Ottobah Cugoano, Lemuel Haynes, and Olympe de Gouges. By revealing important aspects of debates about slavery in North America and Europe, this book and its companion volume on the sixteenth and seventeeth centuries are valuable resources for readers interested in a more complete history of early modern philosophy.

Philosophers from Europe and colonial America engaged in heated debates about the morality of slavery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and these debates provide insights into the roots of modern racism. Julia Jorati explores the philosophical ideas, theories, and arguments that are central to early modern discussions of slavery. Some texts explicitly examine the morality of the transatlantic slave trade or of the enslavement of indigenous people in the Americas; others discuss slavery in predominantly theoretical ways. Based on these texts, Jorati shows that race and slavery came to be closely associated in this period. This association was often made through an endorsement of the theory of natural slavery: Black and indigenous people were commonly viewed as natural slaves, or naturally destined for slavery. The theory that some people are natural slaves also features prominently in theoretical discussions of slavery, and many philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries embraced versions of it. Jorati surveys a wide range of historical material, from the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, to many less widely studied philosophers like Gabrielle Suchon, Morgan Godwyn, and Epifanio de Moirans. Jorati's volume, along with its companion Slavery and Race: Philosophical Debates in the Eighteenth Century, illustrates the significance and philosophical sophistication of early modern debates about slavery, and serves as a valuable resource for scholars, instructors, and students who are curious about this widely neglected topic.

Philosophers from Europe and colonial America engaged in heated debates about the morality of slavery in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and these debates provide insights into the roots of modern racism. Julia Jorati explores the philosophical ideas, theories, and arguments that are central to early modern discussions of slavery. Some texts explicitly examine the morality of the transatlantic slave trade or of the enslavement of indigenous people in the Americas; others discuss slavery in predominantly theoretical ways. Based on these texts, Jorati shows that race and slavery came to be closely associated in this period. This association was often made through an endorsement of the theory of natural slavery: Black and indigenous people were commonly viewed as natural slaves, or naturally destined for slavery. The theory that some people are natural slaves also features prominently in theoretical discussions of slavery, and many philosophers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries embraced versions of it. Jorati surveys a wide range of historical material, from the views of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, to many less widely studied philosophers like Gabrielle Suchon, Morgan Godwyn, and Epifanio de Moirans. Jorati's volume, along with its companion Slavery and Race: Philosophical Debates in the Eighteenth Century, illustrates the significance and philosophical sophistication of early modern debates about slavery, and serves as a valuable resource for scholars, instructors, and students who are curious about this widely neglected topic.

Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1500-1765 contains thirty-four philosophical texts about slavery composed in Europe and America between 1500 and 1765. These readings demonstrate that debates about slavery deserve a central place in the history of philosophy, and are crucial for understanding early modern moral and political philosophy, as well as the development of the concept of race and the history of racism.Included here are many previously unpublished and newly translated texts that discuss various aspects of slavery and represent many different perspectives. Some treat slavery as a purely theoretical issue, others explicitly examine transatlantic slavery, the enslavement of American Indians, or other specific historical institutions. Some criticize slavery, others defend it. Some focus on ethical or political questions, others on epistemological or psychological ones. Some explore the general permissibility of enslavement, others the morality of slave rebellions or the obligation to pay reparations. Some are by widely known authors -such as Thomas Hobbes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Adam Smith-and others may be unfamiliar to most scholars but are at least as important for the history of philosophical debates about slavery. Including an introduction by volume editor Julia Jorati, this volume - along with its companion volume covering the late 18th century - will interest scholars and students exploring the history of philosophical thinking about slavery.

Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1500-1765 contains thirty-four philosophical texts about slavery composed in Europe and America between 1500 and 1765. These readings demonstrate that debates about slavery deserve a central place in the history of philosophy, and are crucial for understanding early modern moral and political philosophy, as well as the development of the concept of race and the history of racism.Included here are many previously unpublished and newly translated texts that discuss various aspects of slavery and represent many different perspectives. Some treat slavery as a purely theoretical issue, others explicitly examine transatlantic slavery, the enslavement of American Indians, or other specific historical institutions. Some criticize slavery, others defend it. Some focus on ethical or political questions, others on epistemological or psychological ones. Some explore the general permissibility of enslavement, others the morality of slave rebellions or the obligation to pay reparations. Some are by widely known authors -such as Thomas Hobbes, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Adam Smith-and others may be unfamiliar to most scholars but are at least as important for the history of philosophical debates about slavery. Including an introduction by volume editor Julia Jorati, this volume - along with its companion volume covering the late 18th century - will interest scholars and students exploring the history of philosophical thinking about slavery.

This volume comprises forty-five philosophical texts about slavery that were composed in Europe and America between 1765 and 1800. The texts, selected and in some cases newly translated by Julia Jorati, discuss various aspects of slavery, and from many different perspectives. Written by enslaved and formerly enslaved antislavery authors, their allies, and a few of their opponents, they demonstrate that the debate about slavery in the late eighteenth century, during the first major transnational abolitionist movement, was remarkably multifaceted and philosophically sophisticated. Some authors base their arguments on the moral principles embraced by revolutionaries in France and America, such as the principle that all men have an inalienable right to liberty; others draw on different moral frameworks such as utilitarianism, natural law theory, social contract theory, and Biblical ethics. In addition to arguments for and against the moral permissibility of transatlantic slavery, the texts in Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1765-1800 also examine other related philosophical issues, such as complicity, reparations, racial bias, the right to rebel, the effects of enslavement on the human mind, and the epistemic dimensions of oppression. This volume serves as a companion to Jorati's Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1500-1765: Essential Readings and will interest scholars and students seeking a deeper understanding of these underexamined debates.

This volume comprises forty-five philosophical texts about slavery that were composed in Europe and America between 1765 and 1800. The texts, selected and in some cases newly translated by Julia Jorati, discuss various aspects of slavery, and from many different perspectives. Written by enslaved and formerly enslaved antislavery authors, their allies, and a few of their opponents, they demonstrate that the debate about slavery in the late eighteenth century, during the first major transnational abolitionist movement, was remarkably multifaceted and philosophically sophisticated. Some authors base their arguments on the moral principles embraced by revolutionaries in France and America, such as the principle that all men have an inalienable right to liberty; others draw on different moral frameworks such as utilitarianism, natural law theory, social contract theory, and Biblical ethics. In addition to arguments for and against the moral permissibility of transatlantic slavery, the texts in Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1765-1800 also examine other related philosophical issues, such as complicity, reparations, racial bias, the right to rebel, the effects of enslavement on the human mind, and the epistemic dimensions of oppression. This volume serves as a companion to Jorati's Slavery in Early Modern Philosophy 1500-1765: Essential Readings and will interest scholars and students seeking a deeper understanding of these underexamined debates.

This book presents a comprehensive examination of Gottfried Leibniz's views on the nature of agents and their actions. Julia Jorati offers a fresh look at controversial topics including Leibniz's doctrines of teleology, the causation of spontaneous changes within substances, divine concurrence, freedom, and contingency, and also discusses widely neglected issues such as his theories of moral responsibility, control, attributability, and compulsion. Rather than focusing exclusively on human agency, she explores the activities of non-rational substances and the differences between distinctive types of actions, showing how the will, appetitions, and teleology are key to Leibniz's discussions of agency. Her book reveals that Leibniz has a nuanced and compelling philosophy of action which has relevance for present-day discussions of agency. It will be of interest to scholars and students of early modern philosophy as well as to metaphysicians and philosophers of action.