The Roman eastern frontier stretched from the north-east shore of the Black Sea to the Red Sea. It faced Rome’s formidable foe, the kingdom of Parthia, and its successor, Sasanian Persia. Rome’s bulwark in antiquity was the area known as Syria or the Levant, roughly modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. To the south lay the Nabataean kingdom, annexed by Rome in 106 and formed into the province of Arabia. To the north, the Cappadocian frontier was laid out in one of the most inaccessible and remote parts of Eurasia facing extremes of climate and topography, amid a patchwork of client kingdoms. This hidden and fascinating frontier in Turkey, whose bases mostly lie under reservoirs, is the major omission from this volume and it is hoped that a more in-depth account might appear in due course. The Caucasian forts along the edge of the Black Sea are, however, part of this volume; this is perhaps Rome’s least known frontier archaeologically but the subject of a unique account by Arrian when governor of Cappadocia.

This publication – Current Approaches to Roman Frontiers – is the first volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings arranged around the original sessions, in order to form coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike. This volume starts with a recap of the congress. Regarding the themes it deals with a contemporary feminist approach; new digital methodologies and computational modelling; three themes on archaeological heritage management dealing inter alia with preservation, protection, citizen science and World Heritage aspects, and a comparison between the Roman Limes and the Great Wall of China. It ends with an overview of the sessions and lectures of the congress in Nijmegen.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.

This publication – Current Approaches to Roman Frontiers – is the first volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings arranged around the original sessions, in order to form coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike. This volume starts with a recap of the congress. Regarding the themes it deals with a contemporary feminist approach; new digital methodologies and computational modelling; three themes on archaeological heritage management dealing inter alia with preservation, protection, citizen science and World Heritage aspects, and a comparison between the Roman Limes and the Great Wall of China. It ends with an overview of the sessions and lectures of the congress in Nijmegen.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.

In 1977, a remarkable discovery was made at the early Roman fort of Velsen (Netherlands): on the bottom of a well lay the skeleton of a man with traumatic injuries. Who was he, how did he die, and what circumstances led to his deposition? This book revisits this 2,000-year-old ‘cold case’, combining archaeological, historical, and scientific evidence to reconstruct the final moments of the victim and the events surrounding his death.Renewed research, prompted by preparations for a museum exhibition, brought together a wide range of analytical approaches. Isotope analysis revealed that the man, as well as two others found in a nearby well, were not local to the region. Detailed study of skeletal trauma, supported by 3D imaging and experimental reconstructions, sheds new light on the nature of the injuries and the weapon used, fundamentally altering earlier interpretations. Additional finds from the well, including a military dagger, belt, and decorated sheath, provide further clues to the man’s identity and status.Set against the historical backdrop of the Frisian rebellion of AD 28, as described by Tacitus, this multi-authored volume presents the results of interdisciplinary research, including pathology, environmental analysis, and site interpretation. Rather than offering a single definitive answer, the book invites readers to evaluate six plausible scenarios, highlighting the tensions between historical sources and archaeological evidence in reconstructing past violence.

In 1977, a remarkable discovery was made at the early Roman fort of Velsen (Netherlands): on the bottom of a well lay the skeleton of a man with traumatic injuries. Who was he, how did he die, and what circumstances led to his deposition? This book revisits this 2,000-year-old ‘cold case’, combining archaeological, historical, and scientific evidence to reconstruct the final moments of the victim and the events surrounding his death.Renewed research, prompted by preparations for a museum exhibition, brought together a wide range of analytical approaches. Isotope analysis revealed that the man, as well as two others found in a nearby well, were not local to the region. Detailed study of skeletal trauma, supported by 3D imaging and experimental reconstructions, sheds new light on the nature of the injuries and the weapon used, fundamentally altering earlier interpretations. Additional finds from the well, including a military dagger, belt, and decorated sheath, provide further clues to the man’s identity and status.Set against the historical backdrop of the Frisian rebellion of AD 28, as described by Tacitus, this multi-authored volume presents the results of interdisciplinary research, including pathology, environmental analysis, and site interpretation. Rather than offering a single definitive answer, the book invites readers to evaluate six plausible scenarios, highlighting the tensions between historical sources and archaeological evidence in reconstructing past violence.

This publication – Strategy and Structures along the Roman Frontiers – is the second volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings and deals with the following themes: Roman military activities during the Republic; the early frontier formation processes and tribal reshuffling; new insights in the installations of the Roman armies; an odyssey along different Limes regions; the collapse of Roman frontiers; the afterlife of frontier fortifications. The proceedings are all arranged around the original sessions, creating coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.

The Roman eastern frontier stretched from the north-east shore of the Black Sea to the Red Sea. It faced Rome’s formidable foe, the kingdom of Parthia, and its successor, Sasanian Persia. Rome’s bulwark in antiquity was the area known as Syria or the Levant, roughly modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and Palestine. To the south lay the Nabataean kingdom, annexed by Rome in 106 and formed into the province of Arabia. To the north, the Cappadocian frontier was laid out in one of the most inaccessible and remote parts of Eurasia facing extremes of climate and topography, amid a patchwork of client kingdoms. This hidden and fascinating frontier in Turkey, whose bases mostly lie under reservoirs, is the major omission from this volume and it is hoped that a more in-depth account might appear in due course. The Caucasian forts along the edge of the Black Sea are, however, part of this volume; this is perhaps Rome’s least known frontier archaeologically but the subject of a unique account by Arrian when governor of Cappadocia.

This publication – Current Approaches to Roman Frontiers – is the first volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings arranged around the original sessions, in order to form coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike. This volume starts with a recap of the congress. Regarding the themes it deals with a contemporary feminist approach; new digital methodologies and computational modelling; three themes on archaeological heritage management dealing inter alia with preservation, protection, citizen science and World Heritage aspects, and a comparison between the Roman Limes and the Great Wall of China. It ends with an overview of the sessions and lectures of the congress in Nijmegen.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.

This publication – Current Approaches to Roman Frontiers – is the first volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings arranged around the original sessions, in order to form coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike. This volume starts with a recap of the congress. Regarding the themes it deals with a contemporary feminist approach; new digital methodologies and computational modelling; three themes on archaeological heritage management dealing inter alia with preservation, protection, citizen science and World Heritage aspects, and a comparison between the Roman Limes and the Great Wall of China. It ends with an overview of the sessions and lectures of the congress in Nijmegen.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.

In 1977, a remarkable discovery was made at the early Roman fort of Velsen (Netherlands): on the bottom of a well lay the skeleton of a man with traumatic injuries. Who was he, how did he die, and what circumstances led to his deposition? This book revisits this 2,000-year-old ‘cold case’, combining archaeological, historical, and scientific evidence to reconstruct the final moments of the victim and the events surrounding his death.Renewed research, prompted by preparations for a museum exhibition, brought together a wide range of analytical approaches. Isotope analysis revealed that the man, as well as two others found in a nearby well, were not local to the region. Detailed study of skeletal trauma, supported by 3D imaging and experimental reconstructions, sheds new light on the nature of the injuries and the weapon used, fundamentally altering earlier interpretations. Additional finds from the well, including a military dagger, belt, and decorated sheath, provide further clues to the man’s identity and status.Set against the historical backdrop of the Frisian rebellion of AD 28, as described by Tacitus, this multi-authored volume presents the results of interdisciplinary research, including pathology, environmental analysis, and site interpretation. Rather than offering a single definitive answer, the book invites readers to evaluate six plausible scenarios, highlighting the tensions between historical sources and archaeological evidence in reconstructing past violence.

In 1977, a remarkable discovery was made at the early Roman fort of Velsen (Netherlands): on the bottom of a well lay the skeleton of a man with traumatic injuries. Who was he, how did he die, and what circumstances led to his deposition? This book revisits this 2,000-year-old ‘cold case’, combining archaeological, historical, and scientific evidence to reconstruct the final moments of the victim and the events surrounding his death.Renewed research, prompted by preparations for a museum exhibition, brought together a wide range of analytical approaches. Isotope analysis revealed that the man, as well as two others found in a nearby well, were not local to the region. Detailed study of skeletal trauma, supported by 3D imaging and experimental reconstructions, sheds new light on the nature of the injuries and the weapon used, fundamentally altering earlier interpretations. Additional finds from the well, including a military dagger, belt, and decorated sheath, provide further clues to the man’s identity and status.Set against the historical backdrop of the Frisian rebellion of AD 28, as described by Tacitus, this multi-authored volume presents the results of interdisciplinary research, including pathology, environmental analysis, and site interpretation. Rather than offering a single definitive answer, the book invites readers to evaluate six plausible scenarios, highlighting the tensions between historical sources and archaeological evidence in reconstructing past violence.

This publication – Strategy and Structures along the Roman Frontiers – is the second volume of the LIMES XXV’s congress proceedings and deals with the following themes: Roman military activities during the Republic; the early frontier formation processes and tribal reshuffling; new insights in the installations of the Roman armies; an odyssey along different Limes regions; the collapse of Roman frontiers; the afterlife of frontier fortifications. The proceedings are all arranged around the original sessions, creating coherent thematical collections that make the vast output more accessible to generalists and specialists alike.Frontiers are zones, or lines, of contact and coercion, of exchange and exclusion. As such they often express some of the most typical elements of the socio-political spaces that are defined by them. Spanning some 6,000 km along rivers, mountain ranges, artificial barriers and fringes of semi-desert, the frontiers of the Roman empire offer a wide variety of avenues and topics for a very diverse community of scholars. They are the central subject of the International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies (or just Limes Congress after the Latin word for ‘border’), organised every three years since 1949\. This four-volume publication contains most of the papers presented at the 25th edition which was hosted by the municipality of Nijmegen in August 2022.