Ursula Klein – författare

It is often assumed that natural philosophy was the forerunner of early modern natural sciences. But where did these sciences’ systematic observation and experimentation get their starts? In Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe, the laboratories, workshops, and marketplaces emerge as arenas where hands-on experience united with higher learning. In an age when chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and botany intersected with mining, metallurgy, pharmacy, and gardening, materials were objects that crossed disciplines.

Here, the contributors tell the stories of metals, clay, gunpowder, pigments, and foods, and thereby demonstrate the innovative practices of technical experts, the development of the consumer market, and the formation of the observational and experimental sciences in the early modern period. Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe showcases a broad variety of forms of knowledge, from ineffable bodily skills and technical competence to articulated know-how and connoisseurship, from methods of measuring, data gathering, and classification to analytical and theoretical knowledge. By exploring the hybrid expertise involved in the making, consumption, and promotion of various materials, and the fluid boundaries they traversed, the book offers an original perspective on important issues in the history of science, medicine, and technology.

In the early nineteenth century, chemistry emerged in Europe as a truly experimental discipline. What set this process in motion, and how did it evolve? Experimentalization in chemistry was driven by a seemingly innocuous tool: the sign system of chemical formulas invented by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius. By tracing the history of this "paper tool," the author reveals how chemistry quickly lost its orientation to natural history and became a major productive force in industrial society. These formulas were not merely a convenient shorthand, but productive tools for creating order amid the chaos of early nineteenth-century organic chemistry. With these formulas, chemists could create a multifaceted world on paper, which they then correlated with experiments and the traces produced in test tubes and flasks. The author's semiotic approach to the formulas allows her to show in detail how their particular semantic and representational qualities made them especially useful as paper tools for productive application.

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the progress of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume re-examines the changes that many have considered to constitute a "chemical revolution". Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials - derived from minerals, plants, and animals - and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe - chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation. Matthew Daniel Eddy is Professor and Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science at Durham University, UK. Ursula Klein is Senior Research Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany. Volume 4 in the Cultural History of Chemistry set.General Editors: Peter J. T. Morris, University College London, UK, and Alan Rocke, Case Western Reserve University, USA.

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the progress of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume re-examines the changes that many have considered to constitute a "chemical revolution". Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials - derived from minerals, plants, and animals - and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe - chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation. Matthew Daniel Eddy is Professor and Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science at Durham University, UK. Ursula Klein is Senior Research Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany. Volume 4 in the Cultural History of Chemistry set.General Editors: Peter J. T. Morris, University College London, UK, and Alan Rocke, Case Western Reserve University, USA.

** A Cultural History of Chemistry: Volumes 1-6 is a 2023 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title ** A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the progress of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume re-examines the changes that many have considered to constitute a "chemical revolution". Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials - derived from minerals, plants, and animals - and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe - chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory.The six-volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation.Matthew Daniel Eddy is Professor and Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science at Durham University, UK. Ursula Klein is Senior Research Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany.A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century is the fourth volume in the six-volume set, A Cultural History of Chemistry, also available online as part of Bloomsbury Cultural History, a fully-searchable digital library (see www.bloomsburyculturalhistory.com).General Editors: Peter J. T. Morris, University College London, UK, and Alan Rocke, Case Western Reserve University, USA.

constitutive of reference in laboratory sciences as cultural sign systems and their manipulation and superposition, collectively shared classifications and associated conceptual frameworks,· and various fonns of collective action and social institutions. This raises the question of how much modes of representation, and specific types of sign systems mobilized to construct them, contribute to reference. Semioticians have argued that sign systems are not merely passive media for expressing preconceived ideas but actively contribute to meaning. Sign systems are culturally loaded with meaning stemming from previous practical applications and social traditions of applications. In new local contexts of application they not only transfer stabilized meaning but also can be used as active resources to add new significance and modify previous meaning. This view is supported by several analyses presented in this volume. Sign systems can be implemented like tools that are manipulated and superposed with other types of signs to forge new representations. The mode of representation, made possible by applying and manipulating specific types of representational tools, such as diagrammatic rather than mathematical representations, or Berzelian fonnulas rather than verbal language, contributes to meaning and forges fine-grained differentiations between scientists' concepts. Taken together, the essays contained in this volume give us a multifaceted picture of the broad variety of modes of representation in nineteenth-century and twentieth-century laboratory sciences, of the way scientists juxtaposed and integrated various representations, and of their pragmatic use as tools in scientific and industrial practice.

** A Cultural History of Chemistry: Volumes 1-6 is a 2023 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title **A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century covers the period from 1700 to 1815. Setting the progress of science and technology in its cultural context, the volume re-examines the changes that many have considered to constitute a "chemical revolution". Already boasting a laboratory culture open to both manufacturing and commerce, the discipline of chemistry now extended into academies and universities. Chemists studied myriad materials - derived from minerals, plants, and animals - and produced an increasing number of chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, and gases. New textbooks offered opportunities for classifying substances, rethinking old theories and elaborating new ones. By the end of the period – in Europe and across the globe - chemistry now embodied the promise of unifying practice and theory. The six-volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation.Matthew Daniel Eddy is Professor and Chair in the History and Philosophy of Science at Durham University, UK. Ursula Klein is Senior Research Scholar at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Germany.A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century is the fourth volume in the six-volume set, A Cultural History of Chemistry, also available online as part of Bloomsbury Cultural History, a fully-searchable digital library (see www.bloomsburyculturalhistory.com).General Editors: Peter J. T. Morris, University College London, UK, and Alan Rocke, Case Western Reserve University, USA.

Das Thema Frühpädagogik hat Hochkonjunktur. Im Vordergrund der öffentlichen Auseinandersetzung stehen die Bedeutung der frühen Förderung hinsichtlich der Entwicklungschancen von Kindern und die gestiegenen Anforderungen an die Einrichtungen sowie die Ausbildung der dort professionell Tätigen. Es ist ein besonderes Verdienst der Autorin mit dem vorliegenden Buch den Fokus auf die Erzieherinnen und Erzieher und deren Förderung und Professionalisierung zu richten. Ihr gelingt es, das Thema Frühpädagogik zu erden: Statt wie gehabt Forderungen aufzustellen, die oft abgehoben wirken und eher Brüche als Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten markieren, zeigt die Autorin tragfähige Verbindungslinien auf. Ursula Klein rekonstruiert fundiert und prägnant die historische Dimension der Entstehung des Erzieherinnenberufs. Kenntnisreich und umfassend informiert sie über den aktuellen Stand der Professionalisierung dieses Berufs und seiner derzeit geltenden politischen, rechtlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen. Sie entwickelt durchdachte und überzeugende Konzepte für eine fortschreitende Professionalisierung, die Bewährtes mit Innovativem verknüpfen. Präzise und stimmig beschreibt Ursula Klein, wie die Instrumente Weiterbildung und Supervision wirkungsvoll zum Einsatz kommen. Besonders wertvoll für die Leserin und den Leser sind die Fallstudien, die die Autorin anhand von vier Expertinneninterviews darstellt. Vorgehensweisen und Methoden gelungener qualitativer Sozialforschung werden transparent beschrieben. Die durch die sorgfältige Auswertung zu Tage geförderten Ergebnisse geben einen erhellenden Einblick in die erlebte Realität von erfahrenen Erzieherinnen (zum Teil in Leitungsfunktion) in ihren beruflichen Kontexten. Diese werden zu Kernthemen gebündelt undhinsichtlich der Professionalisierungsinstrumente Weiterbildung und Supervision konsequent umgesetzt. Prof. Dr. Klaus Schneider Evangelische Hochschule Freiburg Vorwort

Das Thema Frühpädagogik hat Hochkonjunktur. Im Vordergrund der öffentlichen Auseinandersetzung stehen die Bedeutung der frühen Förderung hinsichtlich der Entwicklungschancen von Kindern und die gestiegenen Anforderungen an die Einrichtungen sowie die Ausbildung der dort professionell Tätigen. Es ist ein besonderes Verdienst der Autorin mit dem vorliegenden Buch den Fokus auf die Erzieherinnen und Erzieher und deren Förderung und Professionalisierung zu richten. Ihr gelingt es, das Thema Frühpädagogik zu erden: Statt wie gehabt Forderungen aufzustellen, die oft abgehoben wirken und eher Brüche als Anknüpfungsmöglichkeiten markieren, zeigt die Autorin tragfähige Verbindungslinien auf. Ursula Klein rekonstruiert fundiert und prägnant die historische Dimension der Entstehung des Erzieherinnenberufs. Kenntnisreich und umfassend informiert sie über den aktuellen Stand der Professionalisierung dieses Berufs und seiner derzeit geltenden politischen, rechtlichen und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen. Sie entwickelt durchdachte und überzeugende Konzepte für eine fortschreitende Professionalisierung, die Bewährtes mit Innovativem verknüpfen. Präzise und stimmig beschreibt Ursula Klein, wie die Instrumente Weiterbildung und Supervision wirkungsvoll zum Einsatz kommen. Besonders wertvoll für die Leserin und den Leser sind die Fallstudien, die die Autorin anhand von vier Expertinneninterviews darstellt. Vorgehensweisen und Methoden gelungener qualitativer Sozialforschung werden transparent beschrieben. Die durch die sorgfältige Auswertung zu Tage geförderten Ergebnisse geben einen erhellenden Einblick in die erlebte Realität von erfahrenen Erzieherinnen (zum Teil in Leitungsfunktion) in ihren beruflichen Kontexten. Diese werden zu Kernthemen gebündelt undhinsichtlich der Professionalisierungsinstrumente Weiterbildung und Supervision konsequent umgesetzt. Prof. Dr. Klaus Schneider Evangelische Hochschule Freiburg Vorwort

Die Figur des hybriden Experten und die »nützlichen Wissenschaften" als Frühformen der Ingenieurswissenschaften.Die Erkenntnisse und Innovationen moderner Ingenieurs- und Technikwissenschaften haben unseren Alltag - vom Auto bis zum Internet - bereits tief durchdrungen. Naturwissenschaften, Industrie und auch Militär haben sich dabei zu einem Komplex von »Technowissenschaften" verbunden, die ständig nach Innovation und Wachstum streben.Doch liegen die Ursprünge dieser Entwicklungen wirklich im industriellen Aufschwung der Spätmoderne? Ursula Kleins kompaktes Buch hinterfragt dieses weit verbreitete Bild und verfolgt den Diskurs über nützliches Wissen bis ins 18. Jahrhundert zurück, wo sie den Ursprung der Technikwissenschaften verortet. Die wissenschaftlich-technischen Experten jener Zeit waren hybride Figuren zwischen intellektuellem Gelehrten und traditionellem Handwerker, und damit maßgeblich für die Produktion von nützlichem Wissen verantwortlich. Sie beteiligten sich an der Gründung von Berg-, Bau- und Forstakademien und entwarfen mit den »nützlichen Wissenschaften" eine neuartige Wissenschaftskonzeption, mit der die Weichen für die modernen Technikwissenschaften gestellt waren.