Experiments, Models, Paper Tools

Ursula Klein is Director of the Research Group on the History and Philosophy of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. This is her first book in English.

"This is a very valuable and stimulating book." - American Historical Review "[Klein] herself has made a major contribution to the philosophy and the history of chemistry by making clear the existence and the manner of a major but overlooked transformation in organic chemistry. Methodologically and substantively, this is a significant achievement." - Canadian Journal of History "Experiments, Models, Paper Tools is a clear and compelling account of an important epoch in the history of organic chemistry, as well as a fine demonstration and elaboration of Klein's most fruitful investigation into the special role of systems of representation in the history of chemistry." - Annals of Science "...an original contribution to the history of chemistry and a fascinating book....clearly presented, intellectually stimulating, and a pleasure to read." - British Journal of the History of Science

• Preface Introduction 1. The Semiotics of Berzelian Chemical Formulas The Various Meanings of Berzelian Formulas Image and Language: The Syntax of Berzelian Formulas 2. Two Cultures of Organic Chemistry in the Nineteenth Century: A Structural Comparison The Area of Research Objects in Early Nineteenth-Century Plant and Animal Chemistry Plant and Animal Substances: A Cross between Natural History and Chemistry The Classification of Plant and Animal Substances "Nature" and "Art" in the Experimental Practice of Plant and Animal Chemistry The Experimental Culture of Organic Chemistry after 1840 The Two Forms of Organic Chemistry Compared 3. Experiments on the Periphery of Plant Chemistry Ether Production and Commercial Pharmacy Interpretive Models of the Formation of Ordinary Ether around 1800 Quantitative Approaches in the Study of Organic Reactions Simplified Quantitative Experiments The Manufacture of an Artificial Oil in the Chemical Laboratory New Attempts to Balance the Masses of Reacting Substances The Overthrow of the Accepted Interpretive Model of the Formation of Ordinary Ether 4. Paper Tools for the Construction of Interpretive Models of Chemical Reactions The Historical Problem Modeling Separate Reaction Pathways The Performative Function of Berzelian Formulas 5. Paper Tools for the Classification of Organic Substances The Structure and Function of Dumas and Boullay's Table Experimentation and the Construction of Formula Models for the "Compounds of Bicarbonated Hydrogen" The Enlargement of Substance Classes by the Construction of Further Formula Models Manipulations of Formulas and Their Significance Reception of the New Classification among European Chemists 6. Paper Tools for Modeling the Constitution of Organic Compounds The Shared Conceptual Preconditions for the Models of Constitution Models of Constitution Prior to 1833 The Controversy 7. The Dialectic of Tools and Goals A Performative Account of Conceptual Development The Creation of Mutual Adjustments and Its Reflection in the New Mode of Justification 8. The Historical Transformation Process Model Objects and Unintended Paradigmatic Achievements The Structural Transformation 9. Paper Tools Filling in the Gaps of Inscription Devices Chains of Inscriptions and Paper Tools Notes Literature Cited Index