Walter Frost – författare

The purposes of this book are to provide insight and to draw attention to problems peculiar to heat transfer at low temperatures. This does not imply that the theories of classical heat transfer fail at low temperatures, but rather that many of the approximations employed in standard solutions techniques are not valid in this regime. Physical properties, for example, have more pronounced variations at low temperatures and cannot, as is conventionally done, be held constant. Fluids readily become mixtures of two or more phases and their analysis is different from that for a single-phase fluid. These and other problems which occur more frequently at low temperatures than at standard conditions are discussed in this book. Although the title specifies heat transfer, the book also contains a very comprehensive chapter on two-phase fluid flow and a partial chapter on the flow of fluids in the thermodynamically critical state. Emphasis is placed on those flow phenomena that occur at low temperatures. Flow analyses are, of course, a prerequisite to forced-convection heat transfer analyses, and thus these chapters add continuity to the text. The book is primarily written for the design engineer, but does broach many topics which should prove interesting to the researcher. For the student and teacher the book will serve as a useful reference and possibly as a text for a special topics course in heat transfer.

Turbulence takes place in practically all flow situations that occur naturally or in modern technological systems. Therefore, considerable effort is being expended in an attempt to understand this very complex physical phenome­ non and to develop both empirical and mathematical models for its description. Such numerical and analytical computational schemes would allow the reliable prediction and design of turbulent flow processes to be carried out. The purpose of this book is to bring together, in a usable form, some of the fundamental concepts of turbulence along with turbulence models and experimental techniques. It is hoped that these have "general applicability" in current engineering design. The phrase "general applicabil­ ity" is highlighted because the theory of turbulence is still so much in a formative stage that completely general analyses are not available now, nor will they be available in the immediate future. The concepts and models described herein represent the state-of-the­ art methods that are now being used to give answers to turbulent flow problems. As in all turbulent flow analysis, the methods are a blend of analytical and empirical input, and the reader should be cognizant of the simplification and restrictions imposed upon the methods when applyingthem to physical situations different from those for which they have been developed.

Turbulence takes place in practically all flow situations that occur naturally or in modern technological systems. Therefore, considerable effort is being expended in an attempt to understand this very complex physical phenome­ non and to develop both empirical and mathematical models for its description. Such numerical and analytical computational schemes would allow the reliable prediction and design of turbulent flow processes to be carried out. The purpose of this book is to bring together, in a usable form, some of the fundamental concepts of turbulence along with turbulence models and experimental techniques. It is hoped that these have "general applicability" in current engineering design. The phrase "general applicabil­ ity" is highlighted because the theory of turbulence is still so much in a formative stage that completely general analyses are not available now, nor will they be available in the immediate future. The concepts and models described herein represent the state-of-the­ art methods that are now being used to give answers to turbulent flow problems. As in all turbulent flow analysis, the methods are a blend of analytical and empirical input, and the reader should be cognizant of the simplification and restrictions imposed upon the methods when applyingthem to physical situations different from those for which they have been developed.

The purposes of this book are to provide insight and to draw attention to problems peculiar to heat transfer at low temperatures. This does not imply that the theories of classical heat transfer fail at low temperatures, but rather that many of the approximations employed in standard solutions techniques are not valid in this regime. Physical properties, for example, have more pronounced variations at low temperatures and cannot, as is conventionally done, be held constant. Fluids readily become mixtures of two or more phases and their analysis is different from that for a single-phase fluid. These and other problems which occur more frequently at low temperatures than at standard conditions are discussed in this book. Although the title specifies heat transfer, the book also contains a very comprehensive chapter on two-phase fluid flow and a partial chapter on the flow of fluids in the thermodynamically critical state. Emphasis is placed on those flow phenomena that occur at low temperatures. Flow analyses are, of course, a prerequisite to forced-convection heat transfer analyses, and thus these chapters add continuity to the text. The book is primarily written for the design engineer, but does broach many topics which should prove interesting to the researcher. For the student and teacher the book will serve as a useful reference and possibly as a text for a special topics course in heat transfer.

The purposes of this book are to provide insight and to draw attention to problems peculiar to heat transfer at low temperatures. This does not imply that the theories of classical heat transfer fail at low temperatures, but rather that many of the approximations employed in standard solutions techniques are not valid in this regime. Physical properties, for example, have more pronounced variations at low temperatures and cannot, as is conventionally done, be held constant. Fluids readily become mixtures of two or more phases and their analysis is different from that for a single-phase fluid. These and other problems which occur more frequently at low temperatures than at standard conditions are discussed in this book. Although the title specifies heat transfer, the book also contains a very comprehensive chapter on two-phase fluid flow and a partial chapter on the flow of fluids in the thermodynamically critical state. Emphasis is placed on those flow phenomena that occur at low temperatures. Flow analyses are, of course, a prerequisite to forced-convection heat transfer analyses, and thus these chapters add continuity to the text. The book is primarily written for the design engineer, but does broach many topics which should prove interesting to the researcher. For the student and teacher the book will serve as a useful reference and possibly as a text for a special topics course in heat transfer.