Studies on the Environment – serie

In this study the authors examine the so-called scientific 'consensus' about global warming. They argue climate change is a problem of great complexity, and such analysis as has been made by no means supports the view that climate change would place intolerable burdens on future generations.

The root causes of land degradation are the actions of political entrepreneurs, aid agencies, and governments of developing countries who misuse 'aid' money. Only when individuals are permitted to own property, especially land and water, to engage in free trade, and to resolve disputes through customary law, will the problems of land degradation, poverty, and hunger be reduced to acceptable levels.

The author explains why government and bureaucratic attempts at environmental protection have failed and argues that to safeguard the countryside we need to restore private property rights.

This original piece of research examines the teaching of environmental issues in the UK and US. Looking at a variety of textbooks and how specific issues are taught, they find that the teaching of the environment is characterised by bad science, sloppy thinking and indoctrination.

The world's climate is in constant flux: on time-scales from days to millennia, global and regional temperature, wind and rainfall patterns are changing. Over periods of decades and centuries, the most significant factor affecting climate appears to be changes in the output of the sun. Man's emissions of 'greenhouse gases' (GHGs) also play a role in altering climate. However, estimates suggest that only 30 to 40 per cent of the warming seen over the past century was caused by GHGs. Predictions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assume that most of the warming of the past century was caused by man's emissions and therefore overestimate the likely effect of future emissions. Better estimates suggest that if CO2 concentrations double, global-mean temperatures would rise by about 1.3 degrees centigrade with an upper limit of 2 degrees centigrade.Estimates by some of the world's most respected climate scientists suggest that even if a warming of 2 degrees centigrade does occur the impact on humankind will not be catastrophic; indeed agricultural productivity is likely to increase in many parts of the world, due to longer growing seasons and increases in uptake of CO2. IPCC lead authors have exaggerated the likely impacts of climate change in order to heighten public perception of the issue and thereby encourage governments to spend more on climate research. Between 1990 and 1995, annual US Government spending on climate research rose from $600m to $1.8bn. Estimates suggest that the cost of reducing CO2 emissions to 1990 levels by 2010 could be around 1 per cent of global output. Even assuming costs were only half that, the result would be less investment in the development of new technologies and considerable industrial downsizing, with consequent job losses. Furthermore, if significant natural climate change does occur in the next century - as it has over the past 100 years - then the cost of imposing limits on emissions of carbon dioxide and other trace gases might be even greater.Whether this natural climate variation causes the Earth to warm or to cool, the consequence of emission limits would be that fewer resources would be available for taking adaptive action (such as installing air conditioning units or heaters) Given the uncertainty about climate change, the precautionary principle implies that we should improve our understanding of the world's climate and do what we can to ensure that we are able to adapt most effectively. This means collecting better data, encouraging scientists to develop and test competing theories about the causes and consequences of climate change, freeing up the world's markets, and eliminating subsidies.

Stories of fisheries collapse frequently grab the spotlight in the popular press. Sometimes these claims are exaggerated, sometimes not. Some species of fish have undoubtedly suffered serious decline in some areas, for example the cod stocks off New England and the Atlantic coast of Canada are now so depleted that they are close to commercial extinction. This publication attempts to provide solutions to this problem by analysing the different ways in which fish are managed around the world. It looks at the means by which individuals can be encouraged to manage marine resources sustainably, focusing on the role of institutions, conceptualised within the framework of the economics of property rights. Most commentators argue that the solution to the problems faced by the worlds fisheries is more government intervention. But the fact is that government intervention by and large caused the problem in the first place. More often than not catch levels are set and enforced by government officials who have no direct interest in ensuring the sustainability of the oceans' resources.The author is particularly critical of the European Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), which 'neatly condenses just about everything that is wrong with government management of the fisheries'. The book concludes that the prognosis for the world's fisheries is not as gloomy as many commentators have made out but nor is it as rosy as some pretend. Most likely, fisheries management will gradually evolve towards more sustainable practices. This will happen quickly if policy makers follow the precepts laid out in this publication.

The authors examine the example of elephants in this exposition of the arguments favouring 'sustainable utilisation'. This approach ensures species survival by employing a framework based upon property rights, enforcement of those rights and local community involvement.