Encyclopedia of Creativity

Mark Runco, Director of Creativity Research & Programming, Southern Oregon University, Ashland OR, USAMark Runco earned his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology from the Claremont Graduate School in California and has studied creativity ever since. He is currently a Director of Creativity Research & Programming, Southern Oregon University, Ashland OR, USA He began his teaching career as an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Hawaii, Hilo. He then taught at Cal State Fullerton for 22 years. He was also an adjunct professor at the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration for nearly 15 years and lectured regularly at Universidad de Cantabria in Spain and Shaanxi Normal University in Xi'an, China. He is a distinguished consulting faculty member at the Saybrook Graduate University in San Francisco and remains on the University of Georgia Graduate FacultyMark developed nine seminars on creativity, including "Creativity: What It Is and What It Is Not," "The Assessment of Creativity," "Creative Cognition," and "Social Contexts for Creativity." He is Fellow and past president of Division 10 (Psychology, Art, Creativity, and Aesthetics) of the American Psychological Association.Mark also founded the Creativity Research Journal, which he still edits, along with two new journals: Business Creativity and the Creative Economy, and the Journal of Genius and Eminence. In 2010, Mark published the "rCAB" (Runco Creativity Assessment Battery), a comprehensive battery of tests for the assessment of creativity. He has published over 300 articles, chapters, and books on creativity, its measurement and enhancement. His textbook Creativity: Theories and Themes: Research, Development, and Practice has been translated into 10 languages. The 3rd edition will be published in 2020. He also was an Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopedia of Creativity, which was published in 1999 and the second edition, which was published in 2011. Steven Pritzker, Psychology/Creativity Studies Faculty, Saybrook University, Pasadena, CA, USASteven Pritzker received his Ph.D.in Educational Psychology from the University of Southern California. He taught Writing and Creativity and Writing at UCLA Extension and Foothill College and Educational Psychology at USC. Steven was a Professor for 17 years at Saybrook University where he founded and was Director of the Creativity Studies Certificate and the Creativity Studies Masters and Doctoral Specializations. He is still on the faculty there and has guest lectured at universities and spoken at conferences in many countries.Steven’s research has dealt with creativity and writing in television; collaborative creativity in writing and business; creativity and spirituality; audience flow; the effect of alcohol on creativity; comedians and longevity and the creative process in high achieving writers. Dr. Pritzker is Past President a Fellow of Division 10 of The American Psychological Association (Psychology of Creativity, Aesthetics and The Arts). He also served on the Educational Coalition of the American Psychological Association where he was commissioned to be Executive Producer of the video Creativity in the Classroom which is among the top ten most viewed videos released by APA. He also developed this into a Continuing Education Module for psychologists and teachers.Steven worked in network television where he was a Writer and/or Executive Story Editor, Producer, Supervising Producer or Executive Producer on over 200 network television shows. His credits include writing episodes of the Emmy winning Mary Tyler Moore Show and Room 222. He is a lifetime member of the Writers Guild of America. His background in the business world includes experience in marketing, advertising, training, and consulting. He has presented seminars regarding business and creativity. Steven was Humor Editor and a write for Psychology Today magazine and Editor-in-Chief of the first edition of The Encyclopedia of Creativity published in 1999 as well as the second edition published in June 2011.

"Overall, the book does fulfil its aims and is timely, given the increasing interest in developing new approaches and products. It will be of interest to subject librarians with responsibility for psychology and creative courses and others who want to find out about the theoretical viewpoints."--Health Libraries Group NewsletterPraise for the first edition:"...an impressive work by any standard. We warmly recommend this tour de force publication... a must for every university library..."- HIGH ABILITY STUDIES"The Encyclopedia of Creativity is a highly impressive, collaborative achievement... Unprecedented in breadth and scope... a resounding success..."- CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY (2002, Vol. 47, No. 2)"...this encyclopedia represents a useful effort to bring together research on creativity and will serve undergraduate and graduate students well."- CHOICE"...something to catch the interests of nearly any reader with a curious mind...- PERCEPTUAL AND MOTOR SKILLS

• ActingAdaptation and CreativityAdvertisingAestheticsAgingAltered and Transitional StatesAnalogiesArchitecture, Modern WesternArt and AestheticsArt, Artists And Arts audiencesAssociative TheoryAsynchronicityAttentionAttitudesAttribution and CreativityAurobindo, SriAwardsBarriers to CreativityBeatlesBeethoven, LudwigBehavioral Approaches to CreativityBell, Alexander Graham*Bipolar DisorderBirth OrderBohm, DavidBrain and NeuropsychologyBronte Sisters*Business/ ManagementCassatt, MaryChaos Theory and CreativityCarroll, Lewis*Cezanne, Paul*Chaplin, CharlieChild, JuliaClaudel, CamilleCognitive Style and CreativityCollaborationComponential ModelsComputers and CreativityConcepts of Creativity: A historyConformity and ConventionalityConfusiousismConsensual AssessmentContrarianismCreative ClimateCreative Environments, Conditions, and SettingsCreative Products Creativity ComplexCreativity through HistoryCrime and CreativityCritical ThinkingCross-Cultural DifferencesCurie, Marie Sklodowska*Dance and CreativityDark Side of CreativityDarwin, Charles Robert*DaVinci, Leonardo*Definitions of CreativityDesignDevelopmental Trends in Creative Abilities and PotentialsDevianceDialectical Thinking: Implications for Creative ThinkingDineson, Isak*DiscoveryDistribution of CreativityDivergent ThinkingDiversity,CulturalDomains of CreativityDreams and CreativityEast vs. WestEccentricityEconomic Perspectives on CreativityEducationEinstein, Albert*EminenceEmotion/AffectEnhancement of CreativityEntrepreneurEveryday CreativityEvolving Systems ApproachExercisesExpertiseExpressive Arts TheoryFamilies and CreativityFilmFitzgerald, EllaFlow and Optimal ExperienceFood, Creativity of Recipes, Pairings, MenusFreud, Sigmund*Friendship and CreativityGandhi, MahatmaGender DifferencesGeneticsGenius and GreatnessGiftedness and CreativityGroup DynamicsHadyn, JosephHandwriting and CreativityHepburn, KatharineHeuristicsHistoriometryHopper, Grace MurrayHumorImaginationImplicit TheoriesImprovisationIncubationInnovation InsightIntelligence (relation to creativity)Interest InventoriesIntuitionInvention Janusian, Homospatial and Sepconic Articulation ProcessesJoyce, JamesJungian TheoryKahlo, FridaKnowledgeKrebs, Hans Adolf*Kurosawa, AkiraLeadershipLife StagesLogic and ReasoningLongitudinal StudiesMad Genius ControversyMatthew, Pygmalion, and Founder EffectsMead, MargaretMemory & CreativityMental Health: Affective DisordersMentorsMetacognitionMetaphorsMichelangeloMindfulnessMonet, ClaudeMoral Issues in CreativityMotivationMultiple DiscoveryMultiple IntelligencesMusicNature/Nurture and CreativityNetworkingNoveltyO'Keefe, Georgia*Organisational DevelopmentOrganizational culture OverexcitabilitiesParadigm ShiftsPerception and CreativityPersonal CreativityPersonality: Autonomy and Independence PerspectivesPessoa, Fernando*Piaget, Jean*PicassoPlath, Sylvia*Play (Creative processes in)PoetryProblem FindingProblem SolvingProdigiesPrograms and Courses in CreativityPsycholinguisticsRank, Otto Remote AssociatesResearch MethodsResearch: QualitativeResearch: QuantitativeRewardsRisk-takingSchizophrenia and PsychosisSchumann, ClaraSchumann, Robert*Science (Creativity In)Self-ActualizationSerendipitySexton, Anne*Shakespeare, William*Shaw, George Bernard* Social PsychologySociobiologySocio-Economic StatusSpiritualitySports and CreativitySteiglitz, AlfredStress and CreativitySubstance Abuse and CreativitySuicideSynaesthesiaSynchronicitySystems ApproachTactics and Strategies for CreativityTagore, Rabindranath*Talent and CreativityTeaching CreativityTeamsTeasdale, SaraTesting/Measurement/AssessmentThe Creative Sector and Class of SocietyThe Four Ps of Creativity: Person, Product, Process, and PressTheatre Theories of CreativityTherapy and Counselling (Creative Processes In)TimeToulouse-Latrec, Henri de*TrainingTrajectoriesTransforming Illness and Visual ArtUnconsciousUnderacheivement van Gogh, Vincent*Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich*War Wertheimer, MaxWomen and CreativityWoolf, Virginia*Wordsworth, William*Wright, Wilbur and Orville*Writing and CreativityZeitgeistZen*Denotes online-only article