C++ How to Program

Paul Deitel, CEO and Chief Technical Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has over 30 years of experience in computing. He is a graduate of MIT, where he studied Information Technology. He holds the Java Certified Programmer and Java Certified Developer designations and is an Oracle Java Champion. Paul was also named as a Microsoft® Most Valuable Professional (MVP) for C# in 2012—2014. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered hundreds of programming courses worldwide to clients, including Cisco, IBM, Siemens, Sun Microsystems, Dell, Fidelity, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storm Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Boeing, SunGard, Nortel Networks, Puma, iRobot, Invensys and many more. He and his co-author, Dr. Harvey Deitel, are the world’s best-selling programming-language textbook/ professional book/video authors. Dr. Harvey Deitel, Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has over 50 years of experience in the computer field. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT and a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Boston University–he studied computing in each of these programs before they spun off Computer Science programs. He has extensive college teaching experience, including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc., in 1991 with his son, Paul. The Deitels’ publications have earned international recognition, with translations published in Japanese, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Polish, Italian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, Greek, Urdu and Turkish. Dr. Deitel has delivered hundreds of programming courses to academic, corporate, government and military clients.

• Preface xxiii Before You Begin xxxix 1 Introduction to Computers and C++ 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research 1.3 Hardware and Software 1.3.1 Moore’s Law 1.3.2 Computer Organization 1.4 Data Hierarchy 1.5 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 1.6 C and C++ 1.7 Programming Languages 1.8 Introduction to Object Technology 1.9 Typical C++ Development Environment 1.10 Test-Driving a C++ Application 1.10.1 Compiling and Running an Application in Visual Studio 2015 for Windows 1.10.2 Compiling and Running Using GNU C++ on Linux 1.10.3 Compiling and Running with Xcode on Mac OS X 1.11 Operating Systems 1.11.1 Windows–A Proprietary Operating System 1.11.2 Linux–An Open-Source Operating System 1.11.3 Apple’s OS X; Apple’s iOS for iPhone®, iPad® and iPod Touch® Devices 1.11.4 Google’s Android 1.12 The Internet and the World Wide Web 1.13 Some Key Software Development Terminology 1.14 C++11 and C++14: The Latest C++ Versions 1.15 Boost C++ Libraries 1.16 Keeping Up to Date with Information Technologies 2 Introduction to C++ Programming, Input/Output and Operators 2.1 Introduction 2.2 First Program in C++: Printing a Line of Text 2.3 Modifying Our First C++ Program 2.4 Another C++ Program: Adding Integers 2.5 Memory Concepts 2.6 Arithmetic 2.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 2.8 Wrap-Up 3 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Strings 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Test-Driving an Account Object 3.2.1 Instantiating an Object 3.2.2 Headers and Source-Code Files 3.2.3 Calling Class Account’s getName Member Function 3.2.4 Inputting a string with getline 3.2.5 Calling Class Account’s setName Member Function 3.3 Account Class with a Data Member and Set and Get Member Functions 3.3.1 Account Class Definition 3.3.2 Keyword class and the Class Body 3.3.3 Data Member name of Type string 3.3.4 setName Member Function 3.3.5 getName Member Function 3.3.6 Access Specifiers private and public 3.3.7 Account UML Class Diagram 3.4 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors 3.4.1 Defining an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization 3.4.2 Initializing Account Objects When They’re Created 3.4.3 Account UML Class Diagram with a Constructor 3.5 Software Engineering with Set and Get Member Functions 3.6 Account Class with a Balance; Data Validation 3.6.1 Data Member balance 3.6.2 Two-Parameter Constructor with Validation 3.6.3 deposit Member Function with Validation 3.6.4 getBalance Member Function 3.6.5 Manipulating Account Objects with Balances 3.6.6 Account UML Class Diagram with a Balance and Member Functions deposit and getBalance 3.7 Wrap-Up 4 Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part 1 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Algorithms 4.3 Pseudocode 4.4 Control Structures 4.4.1 Sequence Structure 4.4.2 Selection Statements 4.4.3 Iteration Statements 4.4.4 Summary of Control Statements 4.5 if Single-Selection Statement 4.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement 4.6.1 Nested if…else Statements 4.6.2 Dangling-else Problem 4.6.3 Blocks 4.6.4 Conditional Operator (?:) 4.7 Student Class: Nested if…else Statements 4.8 while Iteration Statement 4.9 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration 4.9.1 Pseudocode Algorithm with Counter-Controlled Iteration 4.9.2 Implementing Counter-Controlled Iteration 4.9.3 Notes on Integer Division and Truncation 4.9.4 Arithmetic Overflow 4.9.5 Input Validation 4.10 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 4.10.1 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement 4.10.2 Proceeding to the Second Refinement 4.10.3 Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 4.10.4 Converting Between Fundamental Types Explicitly and Implicitly 4.10.5 Formatting Floating-Point Numbers 4.10.6 Unsigned Integers and User Input 4.11 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements 4.11.1 Problem Statement 4.11.2 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Pseudocode Representation of the Top 4.11.3 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: First Refinement 4.11.4 Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Second Refinement 4.11.5 Complete Second Refinement of the Pseudocode 4.11.6 Program That Implements the Pseudocode Algorithm 4.11.7 Preventing Narrowing Conversions with List Initialization 4.12 Compound Assignment Operators 4.13 Increment and Decrement Operators 4.14 Fundamental Types Are Not Portable 4.15Wrap-Up 5 Control Statements: Part 2; Logical Operators 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration 5.3 for Iteration Statement 5.4 Examples Using the for Statement 5.5 Application: Summing Even Integers 5.6 Application: Compound-Interest Calculations 5.7 Case Study: Integer-Based Monetary Calculations with Class DollarAmount 5.7.1 Demonstrating Class DollarAmount 5.7.2 Class DollarAmount 5.8 do…while Iteration Statement 5.9 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 5.10 break and continue Statements 5.10.1 break Statement 5.10.2 continue Statement 5.11 Logical Operators 5.11.1 Logical AND (&&) Operator 5.11.2 Logical OR (||) Operator 5.11.3 Short-Circuit Evaluation 5.11.4 Logical Negation (!) Operator 5.11.5 Logical Operators Example 5.12 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 5.13 Structured-Programming Summary 5.14Wrap-Up 6 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Program Components in C++ 6.3 Math Library Functions 6.4 Function Prototypes 6.5 Function-Prototype and Argument-Coercion Notes 6.5.1 Function Signatures and Function Prototypes 6.5.2 Argument Coercion 6.5.3 Argument-Promotion Rules and Implicit Conversions 6.6 C++ Standard Library Headers 6.7 Case Study: Random-Number Generation 6.7.1 Rolling a Six-Sided Die 6.7.2 Rolling a Six-Sided Die 60,000,000 Times 6.7.3 Randomizing the Random-Number Generator with srand 6.7.4 Seeding the Random-Number Generator with the Current Time 6.7.5 Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers 6.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing Scoped enums 6.9 C++11 Random Numbers 6.10 Scope Rules 6.11 Function-Call Stack and Activation Records 6.12 Inline Functions 6.13 References and Reference Parameters 6.14 Default Arguments 6.15 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 6.16 Function Overloading 6.17 Function Templates 6.18Recursion 6.19 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 6.20 Recursion vs. Iteration 6.21Wrap-Up 7 Class Templates array and vector; Catching Exceptions 7.1 Introduction 7.2 arrays 7.3 Declaring arrays 7.4 Examples Using arrays 7.4.1 Declaring an array and Using a Loop to Initialize the array’s Elements 7.4.2 Initializing an array in a Declaration with an Initializer List 7.4.3 Specifying an array’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting array Elements with Calculations 7.4.4 Summing the Elements of an array 7.4.5 Using a Bar Chart to Display array Data Graphically 7.4.6 Using the Elements of an array as Counters 7.4.7 Using arrays to Summarize Survey Results 7.4.8 Static Local arrays and Automatic Local arrays 7.5 Range-Based for Statement 7.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an array to Store Grades 7.7 Sorting and Searching arrays 7.7.1 Sorting 7.7.2 Searching 7.7.3 Demonstrating Functions sort and binary_search 7.8 Multidimensional arrays 7.9 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional array 7.10 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector 7.11Wrap-Up 8 Pointers 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization 8.2.1 Declaring Pointers 8.2.2 Initializing Pointers 8.2.3 Null Pointers Prior to C++11 8.3 Pointer Operators 8.3.1 Address (&) Operator 8.3.2 Indirection (*) Operator 8.3.3 Using the Address (&) and Indirection (*) Operators 8.4 Pass-by-Reference with Pointers 8.5 Built-In Arrays 8.5.1 Declaring and Accessing a Built-In Array 8.5.2 Initializing Built-In Arrays 8.5.3 Passing Built-In Arrays to Functions 8.5.4 Declaring Built-In Array Parameters 8.5.5 C++11: Standard Library Functions begin and end 8.5.6 Built-In Array Limitations 8.5.7 Built-In Arrays Sometimes Are Required 8.6 Using const with Pointers 8.6.1 Nonconstant Pointer to Nonconstant Data 8.6.2 Nonconstant Pointer to Constant Data 8.6.3 Constant Pointer to Nonconstant Data 8.6.4 Constant Pointer to Constant Data 8.7 sizeof Operator 8.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 8.8.1 Adding Integers to and Subtracting Integers from Pointers 8.8.2 Subtracting Pointers 8.8.3 Pointer Assignment 8.8.4 Cannot Dereference a void* 8.8.5 Comparing Pointers 8.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays 8.9.1 Pointer/Offset Notation 8.9.2 Pointer/Offset Notation with the Built-In Array’s Name as the Pointer 8.9.3 Pointer/Subscript Notation 8.9.4 Demonstrating the Relationship Between Pointers and Built-In Arrays 8.10 Pointer-Based Strings (Optional) 8.11 Note About Smart Pointers 8.12Wrap-Up 9 Classes: A Deeper Look 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Time Class Case Study: Separating Interface from Implementation 9.2.1 Interface of a Class 9.2.2 Separating the Interface from the Implementation 9.2.3 Time Class Definition 9.2.4 Time Class Member Functions 9.2.5 Scope Resolution Operator (::) 9.2.6 Including the Class Header in the Source-Code File 9.2.7 Time Class Member Function setTime and Throwing Exceptions 9.2.8 Time Class Member Function toUniversalString and String Stream Processing 9.2.9 Time Class Member Function toStandardString 9.2.10 Implicitly Inlining Member Functions 9.2.11 Member Functions vs. Global Functions 9.2.12 Using Class Time 9.2.13 Object Size 9.3 Compilation and Linking Process 9.4 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 9.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 9.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 9.6.1 Constructors with Default Arguments 9.6.2 Overloaded Constructors and C++11 Delegating Constructors 9.7 Destructors 9.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 9.8.1 Constructors and Destructors for Objects in Global Scope 9.8.2 Constructors and Destructors for Non-static Local Objects 9.8.3 Constructors and Destructors for static Local Objects 9.8.4 Demonstrating When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 9.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap–Returning a Reference or a Pointer to a private Data Member 9.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 9.11 const Objects and const Member Functions 9.12 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 9.13 friend Functions and friend Classes 9.14 Using the this Pointer 9.14.1 Implicitly and Explicitly Using the this Pointer to Access an Object’s Data Members 9.14.2 Using the this Pointer to Enable Cascaded Function Calls 9.15 static Class Members 9.15.1 Motivating Classwide Data 9.15.2 Scope and Initialization of static Data Members 9.15.3 Accessing static Data Members 9.15.4 Demonstrating static Data Members 9.16Wrap-Up 10 Operator Overloading; Class string 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Using the Overloaded Operators of Standard Library Class string 10.3 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 10.3.1 Operator Overloading Is Not Automatic 10.3.2 Operators That You Do Not Have to Overload 10.3.3 Operators That Cannot Be Overloaded 10.3.4 Rules and Restrictions on Operator Overloading 10.4 Overloading Binary Operators 10.5 Overloading the Binary Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 10.6 Overloading Unary Operators 10.7 Overloading the Increment and Decrement Operators 10.8 Case Study: A Date Class 10.9 Dynamic Memory Management 10.10 Case Study: Array Class 10.10.1 Using the Array Class 10.10.2 Array Class Definition 10.11 Operators as Member vs. Non-Member Functions 10.12 Converting Between Types 10.13 explicit Constructors and Conversion Operators 10.14 Overloading the Function Call Operator () 10.15 Wrap-Up 11 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 11.2.1 CommunityMember Class Hierarchy 11.2.2 Shape Class Hierarchy 11.3 Relationship between Base and Derived Classes 11.3.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 11.3.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance 11.3.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy 11.3.4 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 11.3.5 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 11.4 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 11.5 public, protected and private Inheritance 11.6Wrap-Up 12 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Introduction to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 12.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 12.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 12.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 12.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 12.4 Virtual Functions and Virtual Destructors 12.4.1 Why virtual Functions Are Useful 12.4.2 Declaring virtual Functions 12.4.3 Invoking a virtual Function Through a Base-Class Pointer or Reference 12.4.4 Invoking a virtual Function Through an Object’s Name 12.4.5 virtual Functions in the CommissionEmployee Hierarchy 12.4.6 virtual Destructors 12.4.7 C++11: final Member Functions and Classes 12.5 Type Fields and switch Statements 12.6 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 12.6.1 Pure virtual Functions 12.6.2 Device Drivers: Polymorphism in Operating Systems 12.7 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 12.7.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 12.7.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 12.7.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 12.7.4 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee 12.7.5 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 12.8 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood” 12.9 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 567 12.10 Wrap-Up 13 Stream Input/Output: A Deeper Look 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Streams 13.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 13.2.2 iostream Library Headers 13.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 13.3 Stream Output 13.3.1 Output of char* Variables 13.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 13.4 Stream Input 13.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 13.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 13.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 13.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 13.6 Stream Manipulators: A Deeper Look 13.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 13.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 13.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 13.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 13.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 13.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 13.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 13.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 13.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 13.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed) 13.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 13.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 13.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags 13.8 Stream Error States 13.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 13.10 Wrap-Up 14 File Processing 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Files and Streams 14.3 Creating a Sequential File 14.3.1 Opening a File 14.3.2 Opening a File via the open Member Function 14.3.3 Testing Whether a File Was Opened Successfully 14.3.4 Overloaded bool Operator 14.3.5 Processing Data 14.3.6 Closing a File 14.3.7 Sample Execution 14.4 Reading Data from a Sequential File 14.4.1 Opening a File for Input 14.4.2 Reading from the File 14.4.3 File-Position Pointers 14.4.4 Case Study: Credit Inquiry Program 14.5 C++14: Reading and Writing Quoted Text 14.6 Updating Sequential Files 14.7 Random-Access Files 14.8 Creating a Random-Access File 14.8.1 Writing Bytes with ostream Member Function write 14.8.2 Converting Between Pointer Types with the reinterpret_cast Operator 14.8.3 Credit-Processing Program 14.8.4 Opening a File for Output in Binary Mode 14.9 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 14.9.1 Opening a File for Input and Output in Binary Mode 14.9.2 Positioning the File-Position Pointer 14.10 Reading from a Random-Access File Sequentially 14.11 Case Study: A Transaction-Processing Program 14.12 Object Serialization 14.13 Wrap-Up 15 Standard Library Containers and Iterators 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Introduction to Containers 15.3 Introduction to Iterators 15.4 Introduction to Algorithms 15.5 Sequence Containers 15.5.1 vector Sequence Container 15.5.2 list Sequence Container 15.5.3 deque Sequence Container 15.6 Associative Containers 15.6.1 multiset Associative Container 15.6.2 set Associative Container 15.6.3 multimap Associative Container 15.6.4 map Associative Container 15.7 Container Adapters 15.7.1 stack Adapter 15.7.2 queue Adapter 15.7.3 priority_queue Adapter 15.8 Class bitset 15.9Wrap-Up 16 Standard Library Algorithms 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Minimum Iterator Requirements 16.3 Lambda Expressions 16.3.1 Algorithm for_each 16.3.2 Lambda with an Empty Introducer 16.3.3 Lambda with a Nonempty Introducer–Capturing Local Variables 16.3.4 Lambda Return Types 16.4Algorithms 16.4.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n 16.4.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare 16.4.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if 16.4.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if 16.4.5 Mathematical Algorithms 16.4.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms 16.4.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges 16.4.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse 16.4.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy 16.4.10 Set Operations 16.4.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range 16.4.12 min, max, minmax and minmax_element 16.5 Function Objects 16.6 Standard Library Algorithm Summary 16.7Wrap-Up 17 Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Exception-Handling Flow of Control; Defining an Exception Class 17.2.1 Defining an Exception Class to Represent the Type of Problem That Might Occur 17.2.2 Demonstrating Exception Handling 17.2.3 Enclosing Code in a try Block 17.2.4 Defining a catch Handler to Process a DivideByZeroException 17.2.5 Termination Model of Exception Handling 17.2.6 Flow of Program Control When the User Enters a Nonzero Denominator 17.2.7 Flow of Program Control When the User Enters a Denominator of Zero 17.3 Rethrowing an Exception 17.4 Stack Unwinding 17.5 When to Use Exception Handling 17.6 noexcept: Declaring Functions That Do Not Throw Exceptions 17.7 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 17.7.1 Destructors Called Due to Exceptions 17.7.2 Initializing Local Objects to Acquire Resources 17.8 Processing new Failures 17.8.1 new Throwing bad_alloc on Failure 17.8.2 new Returning nullptr on Failure 17.8.3 Handling new Failures Using Function set_new_handler 17.9 Class unique_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 17.9.1 unique_ptr Ownership 17.9.2 unique_ptr to a Built-In Array 17.10 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 17.11 Wrap-Up 18 Introduction to Custom Templates 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Class Templates 18.2.1 Creating Class Template Stack 18.2.2 Class Template Stack’s Data Representation 18.2.3 Class Template Stack’s Member Functions 18.2.4 Declaring a Class Template’s Member Functions Outside the Class Template Definition 18.2.5 Testing Class Template Stack 18.3 Function Template to Manipulate a Class-Template Specialization Object 18.4 Nontype Parameters 18.5 Default Arguments for Template Type Parameters 18.6 Overloading Function Templates 18.7 Wrap-Up 19 Custom Templatized Data Structures 19.1 Introduction 19.1.1 Always Prefer the Standard Library’s Containers, Iterators and Algorithms, if Possible 19.1.2 Special Section: Building Your Own Compiler 19.2 Self-Referential Classes 19.3 Linked Lists 19.3.1 Testing Our Linked List Implementation 19.3.2 Class Template ListNode 19.3.3 Class Template List 19.3.4 Member Function insertAtFront 19.3.5 Member Function insertAtBack 19.3.6 Member Function removeFromFront 19.3.7 Member Function removeFromBack 19.3.8 Member Function print 19.3.9 Circular Linked Lists and Double Linked Lists 19.4 Stacks 19.4.1 Taking Advantage of the Relationship Between Stack and List 19.4.2 Implementing a Class Template Stack Class Based By Inheriting from List 19.4.3 Dependent Names in Class Templates 19.4.4 Testing the Stack Class Template 19.4.5 Implementing a Class Template Stack Class With Composition of a List Object 19.5 Queues 19.5.1 Applications of Queues 19.5.2 Implementing a Class Template Queue Class Based By Inheriting from List 19.5.3 Testing the Queue Class Template 19.6 Trees 19.6.1 Basic Terminology 19.6.2 Binary Search Trees 19.6.3 Testing the Tree Class Template 19.6.4 Class Template TreeNode 19.6.5 Class Template Tree 19.6.6 Tree Member Function insertNodeHelper 19.6.7 Tree Traversal Functions 19.6.8 Duplicate Elimination 19.6.9 Overview of the Binary Tree Exercises 19.7 Wrap-Up 20 Searching and Sorting 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Searching Algorithms 20.2.1 Linear Search 20.2.2 Binary Search 20.3 Sorting Algorithms 20.3.1 Insertion Sort 20.3.2 Selection Sort 20.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation) 20.4Wrap-Up 21 Class string and String Stream Processing: A Deeper Look 21.1 Introduction 21.2 string Assignment and Concatenation 21.3 Comparing strings 21.4 Substrings 21.5 Swapping strings 21.6 string Characteristics 21.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string 21.8 Replacing Characters in a string 21.9 Inserting Characters into a string 21.10 Conversion to Pointer-Based char* Strings 21.11 Iterators 21.12 String Stream Processing 21.13 C++11 Numeric Conversion Functions 21.14 Wrap-Up 22 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Structure Definitions 22.3 typedef and using 22.4 Example: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 22.5 Bitwise Operators 22.6 Bit Fields 22.7 Character-Handling Library 22.8 C String-Manipulation Functions 22.9 C String-Conversion Functions 22.10 Search Functions of the C String-Handling Library 22.11 Memory Functions of the C String-Handling Library 22.12 Wrap-Up Chapters on the Web A Operator Precedence and Associativity B ASCII Character Set C Fundamental Types D Number Systems D.1 Introduction D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation E Preprocessor E.1 Introduction E.2 #include Preprocessing Directive E.3 #define Preprocessing Directive: Symbolic Constants E.4 #define Preprocessing Directive: Macros E.5 Conditional Compilation E.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessing Directives E.7 Operators # and ## E.8 Predefined Symbolic Constants E.9 Assertions E.10 Wrap-Up Appendices on the Web Index Chapters 23—26 and Appendices F—J are PDF documents posted online at the book’s password-protected Companion Website, which is accessible from http://www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel. 23 Other Topics 24 C++11 and C++14: Additional Features 25 ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UM 26 ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object-Oriented Design F C Legacy Code Topics G UML: Additional Diagram Types H Using the Visual Studio Debugger I Using the GNU C++ Debugger J Using the Xcode Debugger