Java for Programmers

Paul Deitel, CEO and Chief Technical Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of MIT, where he studied Information Technology. He holds the Java Certified Programmer and Java Certified Developer designations, and is an Oracle Java Champion. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered hundreds of programming courses worldwide to clients, including Cisco, IBM, Siemens, Sun Microsystems, Dell, Fidelity, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storm Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Boeing, SunGard Higher Education, Nortel Networks, Puma, iRobot, Invensys and many more. He and his co-author, Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, are the world's best-selling programming-language textbook/professional book/video authors.Dr. Harvey Deitel, Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has over 50 years of experience in the computer field. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from MIT and a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Boston University. He has extensive college teaching experience, including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc., in 1991 with his son, Paul. The Deitels' publications have earned international recognition, with translations published in Japanese, German, Russian, Spanish, French, Polish, Italian, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Portuguese, Greek, Urdu and Turkish. Dr. Deitel has delivered hundreds of programming courses to corporate, academic, government and military clients.

"Excellent coverage of the latest Java language features. The Strings chapter sets the stage for important applications in NLP (a critical ingredient to making genAI systems work) and cryptography (a critical ingredient to information security) that are introduced by objects-natural case studies in Chapters 7 (private-key cryptography) and 11 (public-key cryptography). The objects-natural case study on class BigInteger is especially pertinent at a time when cybersecurity is more important than ever and programmers need to develop an appreciation for secure software engineering practices."Real-World Modeling with Inheritance, Polymorphism and Interfaces covers a lot but I feel smarter after reading it and going through the associated genAI exercises! These are cleverly written so prompted AIs will guide the reader to 'fill in the gaps' and provide application areas where these techniques are used."The objects-natural case study on ArrayLists provides a 'sneak peek' at the Java Collections Framework showing how this data structure solves problems caused by the limitations of Java arrays. The Java Collections Framework chapter does an admirable job covering most key data structures and how Java’s built-in collections implement them. The section on hash tables is informative. The coverage of newer JDK techniques, such as convenience factory methods, is appropriate."The genAI exercises are highly valuable and fun, giving the reader new tools for filling in details and thinking critically about how and why certain practices are followed in Java in particular and object-oriented programming in general. Great job contrasting 'checked' and 'unchecked' exceptions. Suggests mechanisms for 'bulletproofing your code' with validation logic so that certain exceptions aren't thrown in the first place. The genAI prompt exercises on the types of OpenAI API messages passed to the chat completion API were very helpful for cementing my understating. Amazing AI description of the beach photo! In grad school my research group was barely scratching the surface of identifying objects in images--things have come a long way! The closed captions demo is cool!"A broad introduction to fundamental OOP inheritance and polymorphism concepts. The use of interfaces to implement runtime polymorphism logically follows a similar discussion involving abstract classes. I like the discussion of the relative benefits of composition vs. inheritance. Accomplishes the herculean task of covering tight vs. loose coupling and dependency injection in just a few pages. Great to see the Builder design pattern in action."--Brian Canada, Professor of Computational Science, University of South Carolina Beaufort"This is the best book for learning Java that I have come across in 25+ years of Java experience. I've suggested using it to train developers in my company and in the companies where I do consultancy. A detailed explanation of the core Java language. Excellent discussion of inheritance and polymorphism. Teaches how to use and incorporate AI in your daily software-creation process. Using tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude and Perplexity is now an essential skill to gain a competitive advantage. Awesome Chapter 19 that clearly introduces the power of AI API-based app development. A clear explanation of Java concurrency. The Big O discussion teaches the costs and consequences of design decisions. Great discussion of creating custom classes. Excellent intro to the Java Platform Module System. Best intro to JShell I've seen. I like the detailed discussion of how streams and lambdas work and the thorough explanation of exceptions."--Ron Veen, Java Developer, Special Agent at Team Rockstars IT, co-author Virtual Threads, Structured Concurrency, and Scoped Values: Explore Java's New Threading Model"The book's 'objects-natural' approach introduces substantial pre-existing Java classes and object interaction before diving into custom class creation in later chapters. I like the objects-natural case study with the date/time example--a good forced dive into the Java API documentation. I like that inheritance, interfaces, and composition are covered in the same chapter, as it is a logical progression that tells the story of what is the best approach for an OO Java program. The Building Java Generative AI API-Based Applications chapter taught me things I did not know. I appreciate how AI tools were used to help write the chapter and the text was transparent about it. The 94 end-of-chapter genAI exercises are exciting, creative, and fun. I really enjoyed the Files chapter--it brought in a lot of the latest technologies, such as JSON, CSV, networking APIs, and cryptography. Great job introducing and motivating generic class and method concepts and bringing in CS theory to support the practical application of Java's generic collection data structures."--Emily Navarro, Ph.D., Continuing Lecturer, Department of Informatics, University of California, Irvine"Uses the latest Java features to write code in the most modern ways. GenAIs can read diagrams! [Prompt genAIs with class Account's UML class diagram, asking them to generate the corresponding Java class declaration.] I like the genAI 'why questions,' such as, 'prompt genAIs for insights as to why Java constructors cannot return values.' I didn’t know GenAI would tell me to fix the errors even if I didn’t ask or could explain how the Java method-call stack works using text-only, step-by-step diagrams made of characters! Cool! Great list of NLP applications! The objects natural NLP, regex and cryptography security examples are awesome! They let the reader use String knowledge while also learning real-world principles. Includes a substantial treatment of JavaFX. The walkthrough of how to set up a JavaFX application in Scene Builder was excellent. Great JavaFX layouts table. Nice to see accessibility in the JavaFX chapters. A good intro to modules--covers the basics (and more) while remaining approachable. I like that you included the structure of a modularized application. The VideoPlayer module-dependency graph is a great real example. The progression of running the services example with no providers, then one, then two is a fun way to show the ServiceLoader really picks providers at runtime! I like the number and variety of JShell examples and exercises. I like how lambdas and method references are presented. Focuses on the most common generics use cases and makes them easy to understand. An objects-natural case study on BigDecimal--interesting discussion of how half-even banker's rounding works for processing monetary amounts. I like the concurrency examples--the explanations of virtual threads, structured concurrency and scoped values were good."--Jeanne Boyarsky, CodeRanch, Java Champion

• Preface xxvBefore You Begin lixChapter 1: Intro, Test-Driving a Java Application, and Generative AI 11.1 Introduction 21.2 Hardware 41.3 Java 71.4 A Brief Review of Object Orientation 81.5 Java Application Programming Interface (API) and Open-Source Libraries 111.6 Typical Java Program Development Environment 121.7 Test-Driving a Java Program with the Java Development Kit (JDK) 151.8 Internet, World Wide Web, the Cloud and IoT 181.9 Metaverse 221.10 Software Development Technologies 251.11 Data Analytics and Data Science 271.12 How Big Is Big Data? 281.13 AI--at the Intersection of Computer Science and Data Science 321.14 Generative AI 351.15 Wrap-Up 41Chapter 2: Intro to Java Programming 472.1 Introduction 482.2 Your First Program in Java: Printing a Line of Text 482.3 Modifying Your First Program 542.4 Displaying Text with printf 562.5 Another Program: Adding Integers 572.6 Arithmetic 602.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 622.8 Objects-Natural Case Study: Creating and Using Objects of the Java API's String Class 652.9 Wrap-Up 68Chapter 3: Control Statements: Part 1 693.1 Introduction 703.2 Control Structures 703.3 if Single-Selection Statement 733.4 if...else Double-Selection Statement 743.5 while Iteration Statement 773.6 Counter-Controlled Iteration 793.7 Sentinel-Controlled Iteration 833.8 Nested Control Statements 873.9 Compound Assignment Operators 913.10 Increment and Decrement Operators 913.11 Primitive Types 943.12 Objects-Natural Case Study: Super-Sized Integers 943.13 Wrap-Up 98Chapter 4: Control Statements: Part 2 994.1 Introduction 1004.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration 1004.3 for Iteration Statement 1014.4 Examples Using the for Statement 1044.5 Summing the Even Integers from 2 to 20 with the for Statement 1054.6 Calculating Compound Interest with the for Statement 1064.7 do...while Iteration Statement 1094.8 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 1114.9 break and continue Statements 1164.10 Logical Operators 1184.11 Objects-Natural Case Study: Precise Monetary Calculations with Java API Class BigDecimal 1244.12 Wrap-Up 128Chapter 5: Methods 1315.1 Introduction 1325.2 Declaring Methods 1325.3 Notes on Declaring and Using Methods 1365.4 Case Study: Die Rolling Simulation with Random-Number Generation 1375.5 Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing enums 1425.6 Scope of Declarations 1475.7 Method Overloading 1505.8 Class Math: static Methods and Variables 1525.9 Java API Packages 1545.10 Method-Call Stack and Activation Records 1565.11 Argument Promotion and Casting 1595.12 Objects-Natural Case Study: Java Date/Time API 1615.13 Wrap-Up 167Chapter 6: Arrays and ArrayLists 1696.1 Introduction 1706.2 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types 1716.3 Arrays 1716.4 Declaring and Creating Arrays 1726.5 Creating and Initializing an Array 1736.6 Array Initializers 1756.7 Calculating Array Element Values 1766.8 Totaling Array Elements 1776.9 Intro to Visualization: Using a Bar Chart to Display Array Data Graphically 1776.10 Using Array Elements as Counters 1796.11 Analyzing Survey Results 1816.12 Exception Handling 1836.13 Enhanced for Statement: Totaling Array Elements 1846.14 Passing Arrays to Methods 1866.15 Pass-By-Value vs. Pass-By-Reference 1886.16 Multidimensional Arrays 1896.17 Variable-Length Argument Lists 1936.18 Command-Line Arguments 1946.19 Class Arrays 1976.20 Objects-Natural Case Study: Intro to Collections and Class ArrayList 1996.21 Wrap-Up 204Chapter 7: Strings, NLP and Regex: Generative AI Foundations 2077.1 Introduction 2087.2 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings 2097.3 Class String 2107.4 Class StringBuilder 2257.5 Class Character 2327.6 Tokenizing Strings 2377.7 Intro to Natural Language Processing (NLP)--at the Root of Generative AI 2387.8 Objects-Natural Case Study: Intro to Regular Expressions in NLP 2407.9 Objects-Natural Security Case Study: pMa5tfEKwk59dTvC04Ft1IFQz9mEXnkfYXZwxk4ujGE= 2527.10 Wrap-Up 260Chapter 8: Real-World Modeling with Custom Classes 2618.1 Introduction 2628.2 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods 2638.3 Default and Explicit Instance Variable Initialization 2718.4 Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors 2718.5 Account Class with a Balance 2748.6 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 2788.7 Case Study: Time Class 2838.8 Controlling Access to Members 2868.9 Referring to the Current Object's Members with the this Reference 2878.10 Case Study: Time Class Overloaded Constructors 2898.11 Default and No-Argument Constructors 2968.12 Notes on Set and Get Methods 2968.13 Composition 2978.14 enum Types 3008.15 Garbage Collection 3038.16 static Class Members 3038.17 static Import 3078.18 final Instance Variables 3088.19 Package Access 3098.20 record Classes 3108.21 Wrap-Up 315Chapter 9: Real-World Modeling with Inheritance, Polymorphism & Interfaces 3179.1 Introduction 3189.2 Superclasses and Subclasses 3209.3 Relationship Between Superclasses and Subclasses 3229.4 Class Object 3329.5 Intro to Polymorphism: Polymorphic Video Game 3329.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior 3339.7 abstract Classes and Methods 3369.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 3389.9 final Methods and Classes 3479.10 Issues with Constructors Calling Instance Methods 3489.11 Creating and Using Interfaces 3499.12 Other Interface Features 3579.13 Program to an Interface, Not an Implementation 3599.14 sealed Classes and Interfaces 3679.15 private Constructors 3709.16 protected Members 3709.17 Wrap-Up 372Chapter 10: Exception Handling: A Deeper Look 37510.1 Introduction 37610.2 Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling 37810.3 Example: Handling ArithmeticExceptions and InputMismatchExceptions 38010.4 Java Exception Hierarchy 38410.5 Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions 38610.6 finally Block 38810.7 Stack Unwinding and Obtaining Information from an Exception 39010.8 Chained Exceptions 39410.9 Declaring Custom Exceptions 39610.10 Preconditions and Postconditions 39710.11 Assertions 39810.12 try-with-Resources Statement: Automatic Resource Deallocation 39910.13 Unnamed Variables in catch Handlers 40110.14 Wrap-Up 402Chapter 11: Files, I/O Streams, JSON Serialization & CSV Files 40511.1 Introduction 40611.2 Files and Streams 40711.3 Using NIO Classes and Interfaces to Get File and Directory Information 40911.4 Sequential Text Files 41311.5 Case Study: JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Serialization 41811.6 Case Study: Processing a JSON Response from a Web Service 42411.7 Case Study: Creating and Reading CSV Files 43211.8 Case Study: Reading and Analyzing a CSV File Containing the Titanic Disaster Dataset 43711.9 Objects-Natural Security Case Study: RSA Public-Key Cryptography 44511.10 Wrap-Up 452Chapter 12: Generic Collections 45512.1 Introduction 45612.2 Collections Overview 45712.3 Type-Wrapper Classes 45812.4 Boxing and Unboxing 45912.5 Lists 45912.6 Collections Methods 46812.7 Class PriorityQueue and Interface Queue 48012.8 Hash Tables 48112.9 Sets 48312.10 Maps 48612.11 Convenience Factory Methods for Creating Immutable Collections 48912.12 Concurrent Collections 49212.13 Wrap-Up 492Chapter 13: Generic Classes and Methods: A Deeper Look 49513.1 Introduction 49613.2 Motivation for Generic Methods 49613.3 Generic Methods: Implementation and Compile-Time Translation 49813.4 Additional Compile-Time Translation Issues: Methods That Use a Type Parameter as the Return Type 50113.5 Overloading Generic Methods 50513.6 Generic Classes 50513.7 Wildcards in Methods That Accept Type Parameters 51313.8 Wrap-Up 517Chapter 14: Functional Programming with Lambdas & Streams 51914.1 Introduction 52014.2 Streams and Reduction 52114.3 Mapping and Lambdas 52514.4 Filtering 52814.5 How Elements Move Through Stream Pipelines 53014.6 Method References 53114.7 IntStream Operations 53414.8 Functional Interfaces 54014.9 Lambdas: A Deeper Look 54114.10 Stream Manipulations 54214.11 Stream Manipulations 54614.12 Stream Manipulations 54814.13 Creating a Stream from a File 55814.14 Streams of Random Values 56114.15 Infinite Streams 56214.16 Additional Notes on Interfaces 56414.17 Wrap-Up 564Chapter 15: JavaFX Graphical User Interfaces: Part 1 56715.1 Introduction 56815.2 JavaFX Scene Builder 56915.3 JavaFX Application Window Structure 57015.4 Welcome Application: Displaying Text and an Image 57115.5 Tip Calculator Application: Intro to Event Handling 57715.6 Features Covered in the Other JavaFX Chapters 59415.7 Wrap-Up 594Chapter 16: JavaFX GUI: Part 2 59716.1 Introduction 59816.2 Laying Out Nodes in a Scene Graph 59816.3 Painter Application: RadioButtons, Mouse Events and Shapes 60016.4 Color Chooser Application: Property Bindings and Property Listeners 61016.5 Cover Viewer Application: Data-Driven GUIs with JavaFX Collections 61616.6 Cover Viewer Application: Customizing ListView Cells 62116.7 FileChooser and DirectoryChooser Dialogs 62516.8 Other JavaFX Capabilities and JavaFX Accessibility 63116.9 JavaFX Updates 63316.10 JavaFX Resources and Libraries 63416.11 Wrap-Up 636Chapter 17: JavaFX Graphics and Multimedia 63917.1 Introduction 64017.2 Controlling Fonts with Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 64117.3 Displaying Two-Dimensional Shapes 64917.4 Polylines, Polygons and Paths 65517.5 Transforms 66017.6 Playing Video with Media, MediaPlayer and MediaView 66217.7 Transition Animations 66917.8 Timeline Animations 67517.9 Frame-by-Frame Animation with AnimationTimer 67717.10 CSS Transitions 68017.11 Drawing on a Canvas 68517.12 Three-Dimensional Shapes 69017.13 FXGL: A Brief Intro to Game Programming with JavaFX 69417.14 Wrap-Up 695Chapter 18: Concurrency: Platform Threads to Virtual Threads 69718.1 Introduction 69818.2 sort/parallelSort Timings with the Date/Time API 70018.3 Sequential vs. Parallel Streams 70318.4 Creating and Executing Platform Threads with the Executor Framework 70718.5 Project Loom Overview 71118.6 Creating and Executing Virtual Threads with the Executor Framework 71218.7 Profiling Platform vs. Virtual Threads 71718.8 Structured Concurrency and Scoped Values 72318.9 Thread Synchronization Overview 73118.10 Producer/Consumer Relationship with ArrayBlockingQueue 73318.11 Multithreading in JavaFX 74118.12 Wrap-Up 753Chapter 19: Building API-Based Java Generative AI Applications 75719.1 Introduction 75819.2 OpenAI APIs 76019.3 Setting Up a Java Environment 76319.4 Text Generation Via Chat Completions 76419.5 Speech Synthesis and Speech Recognition 78319.6 Image Generation 78619.7 Video 78919.8 Moderation 79419.9 Class OpenAIUtilities 79719.10 Wrap-Up 812Chapter 20: Accessing Databases with JDBC and SQLite 82920.1 Introduction 83020.2 Relational Databases 83120.3 Setting Up the SQLite RDBMS 83220.4 A books Database 83220.5 Connecting to and Querying a Database with JDBC 84220.6 Querying the books Database 84620.7 PreparedStatements 85220.8 Stored Procedures 86420.9 Transaction Processing 86420.10 Wrap-Up 865Chapter 21: Java Platform Module System 86721.1 Introduction 86821.2 Module Declarations 87321.3 Modularized Welcome App 87621.4 Creating and Using a Custom Module 88521.5 Module-Dependency Graphs: A Deeper Look 89021.6 Migrating Code to Modules 89421.7 Resources in Modules 89821.8 Creating Custom Runtimes with jlink 90221.9 Services and ServiceLoader 90521.10 Wrap-Up 915Chapter 22: Recursion and Big O 91922.1 Introduction 92022.2 Recursion Concepts 92022.3 Recursion Example: Factorials 92122.4 Recursion Example: Fibonacci Series 92422.5 Recursion vs. Iteration 92722.6 Towers of Hanoi 92922.7 Fractals 93122.8 Recursive Backtracking 94122.9 Big O Notation 94222.10 Common Big O Notations 94322.11 Wrap-Up 943Appendix A: Introduction to JShell for Interactive Java 945A.1 Introduction 946A.2 Introduction to JShell 948A.3 Command-Line Input in JShell 959A.4 Declaring and Using Classes 960A.5 Discovery with JShell Auto-Completion 964A.6 Exploring a Class's Members and Viewing Documentation 966A.7 Declaring Methods 971A.8 Exceptions 973A.9 Importing Classes and Adding Packages to the CLASSPATH 974A.10 Using an External Editor 977A.11 Summary of JShell Commands 977A.12 Keyboard Shortcuts for Snippet Editing 983A.13 How JShell Reinterprets Java for Interactive Use 983A.14 IDE JShell Support 984A.15 Wrap-Up 984Appendix B: Formatted Output 1001B.1 Introduction 1002B.2 Output with printf 1002B.3 Integer Formatting 1003B.4 Floating-Point Number Formatting 1004B.5 String and Character Formatting 1005B.6 Other Conversion Characters 1006B.7 Field Widths and Precisions 1007B.8 Formatting Flags 1009B.9 Argument Indices for Explicit Positioning in Format Strings 1012B.10 Escape Sequences 1013B.11 Formatting Strings in Memory 1014B.12 Wrap-Up 1015Appendix C: Number Systems 1017C.1 Introduction 1018C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1021C.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1022C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1022C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1024C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two's Complement Notation 1025Index 1027