Sassan Gholiagha is a postdoctoral researcher at the European New School of Digital Studies (European-University Viadrina). His publications include The Humanisation of Global Politics (CUP)\ and “Between (ir)responsibility and (in)appropriateness: Conceptualizing norm-related state behaviour in the Russian war against Ukraine” in Global Constitutionalism (with Mitja Sienknecht). He has acted as reviewer for leading IR journals and was co-speaker of the thematic group on norms research in IR of the German Political Science Association.Phil Orchard is Professor of International Relations and Discipline Leader, Politics and International Studies, at the University of Wollongong and Co-Director of the UOW Future of Rights Centre. His books include A Right to Flee (CUP) and Protecting the Internally Displaced (Routledge) and co-edited books with Alexander Betts, Implementation in World Politics (Oxford), with Charles Hunt, Constructing the Responsibility to Protect, (Routledge) and with Antje Wiener, Contesting the World.Antje Wiener is a Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Hamburg and By-Fellow at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. Her books include Contestation and Constitution of Norms in Global International Relations (CUP), A Theory of Contestation (Springer), The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (CUP), and Deep Contestations of the Liberal International Order co-edited with David Lake and Thomas Risse (Oxford). She is editor-in-chief of the Norm Research in International Relations Series (Springer) and founding editor-in-chief of Global Constitutionalism (CUP since 2012).

• Front matter Preface Volume Editors Section Editors Contributors 1: Introduction Section 1: A History of Norms Research - Section Editors: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary) 2: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary): The International Norms Enterprise 3: Ezgi Yildiz (California State University, Long Beach) and Isabel Silagy (Boston University): Norms, Legitimacy, and Compliance: Between International Law and Politics 4: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University) and Andrea Vilán (American University): International Norms and Domestic Politics 5: Nina Tannenwald (Brown University): The Nuclear Taboo: A Global Prohibitionary Norm 6: Audie Klotz (Syracuse University): Race and Racism in Norms Research 7: Devon Cantwell-Chavez (University of Ottawa): Whose Norms Matter? Challenging Power in Global Climate Governance Section 2: Key Concepts of Norms Research Section Editors: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg) and Jeffrey S. Lantis (The College of Wooster): 8: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): The Norm Typology: Approaches and Models 9: Swati Srivastava (Purdue University): Hybrid Sovereignty, Norm Reification, and Practices 10: Maren Hofius (University of Hamburg): The Constructivist Promise Revisited: On the Practice Dimension of Norms 11: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg): On the Concept of Norm Clusters 12: Sassan Gholiagha (European-University Viadrina) and Mitja Sienknecht (European-University Viadrina): "It s what you ought to do: Appropriateness as a Central Concept in Norms Research Section 3: The Methodological Tool-Kit of Norms Research Section Editors: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences): 13: 1. Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences) and Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg): How to Study International Norms: From Methodologies to Methods in Norms Research 14: Anna Holzscheiter (TUD Dresden University of Technology): Speaking Norms: Discourse Analytical Approaches and Methodologies in Norms Research 15: Dongwook Kim (Australian National University): Quantitative Approaches and Theory Evaluation in Norms Research 16: Diana Panke (Free University Berlin), Ulrich Petersohn (University of Liverpool), and Sercan Pekel (University of Liverpool): Data, Generalization and Causal Inference in Quantitative Norm Research 17: Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla (University of Cambridge): Historical Approaches and Archival Work in Norms Research Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla 18: Xymena Kurowska (Central European University): Ethnographic Approaches to the Study of Norms Section 4: Norm Emergence and Change Section Editors: Adam Bower (University of St Andrews) and Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews): 19: Anette Stimmer (University of St. Andrews) and Adam Bower (University of St. Andrews): A Rhetorical Approach to Norm Change 20: Susanne Zwingel (Florida International University): Norm Translation: Content-in-Motion and Contextualized Practice 21: Jacqui True (Monash University): Transnational Network Approaches and Norm Agency 22: Kazushige Kobayashi (Ritsumeikan University Kyoto): Agents of Socialization Beyond the West 23: Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews) and Duncan Snidal (Nuffield College, University of Oxford): How (De)Legalisation Unfolds 24: Zoltán I. Búzás (University of Notre Dame): Failed Norm Emergence and Change Section 5: Norm Robustness: Between Strength and Erosion Section Editors: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): 25: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (European University Institute and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): Theories of Norm Strength and Erosion 26: Anton Peez (Goethe-University of Frankfurt): Measuring Norm Strength and Erosion in International Politics 27: Vincent Keating (University of Southern Denmark): What is the Normative Value of Norm Robustness? Comparing Constructivist and English School Perspectives 28: Ingvild Bode (University of Southern Denmark): Norm Robustness and International Practice Theories 29: Srinivas Burra (South Asian University): Norm Strength, Change, and Inequality in International Law 30: Élise Rousseau (University Cambridge): Navigating Norm Strength: Compliance Mechanisms in Global Governance Section 6: Norms and Ethics Section Editors: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews): 31: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews) and Aarushi Sharma (University of St Andrews): Ethics and Normative Traditions: Peace as a Fundamental Norm 32: Neta C. Crawford (University of Oxford): Persistent Tensions Among Norms: Intention, Norms of Civilian Immunity and Protection versus Norms of Proportionality and the Military Necessity 33: Susan L. Kang (City University of New York) and Jonathan Havercroft (University of Southampton): Constructing Normative Foundations: Stanley Cavell, Social Constructivism, and Public Assembly Rights in Brazil, the U.S., and the U.K. 34: Rita Floyd (University of Birmingham): Regulating Security Policy and Practice via a Norm of Just Securitization 35: Brent Steele (University of Utah) and Eric A. Heinze (University of Oklahoma): Ethically Evaluating and Appraising Norms: Three Cautionary Tales 36: João Nunes (Universidad Pontificia Comillas Madrid): Body Politics, Domination and Vulnerability: A Critique of Global Health Security Section 7: Norm Contestation and Normative Legitimacy Section Editors: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds) and Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): 37: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): Contestation Theory 38: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds): Meanings-in-Use and Useful Meanings: Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) from a Pragmatist Perspective 39: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Henrik Schillinger (University of Duisburg-Essen): Strategies for Coping with Contestation in Norms Research 40: Chiara de Franco (University of Southern Denmark) and Linnéa Gelot (University of Southern Denmark): A Bourdieusian Perspective on Contestation Theory 41: Nicole Jenne (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and Christoph Harig (Royal Danish Defence College): Contested Peacekeeping Norms Across the Global South 42: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University): Norm Contestation, Global South Agency, and the Anti-Impunity Norm: Actualizing the Emancipatory Potential of International Criminal Law through Contestation 43: Laura von Allwörden (University of Kiel): Legitimating Norms through Contestation: The Global Climate Section 8: Complexity, Interactions and Dynamics Section Editors: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt), Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden), and Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): 44: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt) and Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden): Norm Complexity and Interactions: Surveying an Emerging Field 45: Laura Gómez Mera (University of Miami): How Positive Norm Interactions Contribute to the Emergence and Diffusion of Norm Clusters 46: Johanne Døhlie Saltnes (ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo): Norm Conflicts: Distinguishing between Application and Validity 47: Ruji Auethavornpipat (La Trobe University): Norm Conflicts and Synergies in Global Migration Governance 48: Rebecca Sander (University of Cincinnati) and Laura Dudley Jenkins (University of Cincinnati) (Yale University): Normative Frameworks and Norm Hierarchies 49: Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): Norm Interactions, World Order, and Systemic Change Section 9: Reverberations of Norms Research Across International Relations Section Editors: Phil Orchard and Liam Moore (University of Wollongong): 50: Thomas Risse (Free University of Berlin): Deep Contestations and the Resilience of the Liberal International Order 51: Qiaochu Zhang (University of Manchester): Rising Powers as Norm Entrepreneurs and the Future of Liberal International Order 52: Liam Moore (University of Wollongong) and Phil Orchard (University of Wollongong): Reverberations Through Clusters and Regimes: Norms and Forced Displacement Policy 53: Jan Wilkens (University of Hamburg): Narratives of Change in the Climate Crisis: The Return of the Tipping Point and Critical Norms Research 54: Sara E. Davies (Griffith University): Global Health and Norms 55: Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués (Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals): Norms Research and Foreign Policy

Sassan Gholiagha is a postdoctoral researcher at the European New School of Digital Studies (European-University Viadrina). His publications include The Humanisation of Global Politics (CUP)\ and “Between (ir)responsibility and (in)appropriateness: Conceptualizing norm-related state behaviour in the Russian war against Ukraine” in Global Constitutionalism (with Mitja Sienknecht). He has acted as reviewer for leading IR journals and was co-speaker of the thematic group on norms research in IR of the German Political Science Association.Phil Orchard is Professor of International Relations and Discipline Leader, Politics and International Studies, at the University of Wollongong and Co-Director of the UOW Future of Rights Centre. His books include A Right to Flee (CUP) and Protecting the Internally Displaced (Routledge) and co-edited books with Alexander Betts, Implementation in World Politics (Oxford), with Charles Hunt, Constructing the Responsibility to Protect, (Routledge) and with Antje Wiener, Contesting the World.Antje Wiener is a Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Hamburg and By-Fellow at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. Her books include Contestation and Constitution of Norms in Global International Relations (CUP), A Theory of Contestation (Springer), The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (CUP), and Deep Contestations of the Liberal International Order co-edited with David Lake and Thomas Risse (Oxford). She is editor-in-chief of the Norm Research in International Relations Series (Springer) and founding editor-in-chief of Global Constitutionalism (CUP since 2012).

• Front matter Preface Volume Editors Section Editors Contributors 1: Introduction Section 1: A History of Norms Research - Section Editors: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary) 2: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary): The International Norms Enterprise 3: Ezgi Yildiz (California State University, Long Beach) and Isabel Silagy (Boston University): Norms, Legitimacy, and Compliance: Between International Law and Politics 4: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University) and Andrea Vilán (American University): International Norms and Domestic Politics 5: Nina Tannenwald (Brown University): The Nuclear Taboo: A Global Prohibitionary Norm 6: Audie Klotz (Syracuse University): Race and Racism in Norms Research 7: Devon Cantwell-Chavez (University of Ottawa): Whose Norms Matter? Challenging Power in Global Climate Governance Section 2: Key Concepts of Norms Research Section Editors: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg) and Jeffrey S. Lantis (The College of Wooster): 8: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): The Norm Typology: Approaches and Models 9: Swati Srivastava (Purdue University): Hybrid Sovereignty, Norm Reification, and Practices 10: Maren Hofius (University of Hamburg): The Constructivist Promise Revisited: On the Practice Dimension of Norms 11: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg): On the Concept of Norm Clusters 12: Sassan Gholiagha (European-University Viadrina) and Mitja Sienknecht (European-University Viadrina): "It s what you ought to do: Appropriateness as a Central Concept in Norms Research Section 3: The Methodological Tool-Kit of Norms Research Section Editors: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences): 13: 1. Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences) and Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg): How to Study International Norms: From Methodologies to Methods in Norms Research 14: Anna Holzscheiter (TUD Dresden University of Technology): Speaking Norms: Discourse Analytical Approaches and Methodologies in Norms Research 15: Dongwook Kim (Australian National University): Quantitative Approaches and Theory Evaluation in Norms Research 16: Diana Panke (Free University Berlin), Ulrich Petersohn (University of Liverpool), and Sercan Pekel (University of Liverpool): Data, Generalization and Causal Inference in Quantitative Norm Research 17: Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla (University of Cambridge): Historical Approaches and Archival Work in Norms Research Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla 18: Xymena Kurowska (Central European University): Ethnographic Approaches to the Study of Norms Section 4: Norm Emergence and Change Section Editors: Adam Bower (University of St Andrews) and Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews): 19: Anette Stimmer (University of St. Andrews) and Adam Bower (University of St. Andrews): A Rhetorical Approach to Norm Change 20: Susanne Zwingel (Florida International University): Norm Translation: Content-in-Motion and Contextualized Practice 21: Jacqui True (Monash University): Transnational Network Approaches and Norm Agency 22: Kazushige Kobayashi (Ritsumeikan University Kyoto): Agents of Socialization Beyond the West 23: Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews) and Duncan Snidal (Nuffield College, University of Oxford): How (De)Legalisation Unfolds 24: Zoltán I. Búzás (University of Notre Dame): Failed Norm Emergence and Change Section 5: Norm Robustness: Between Strength and Erosion Section Editors: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): 25: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (European University Institute and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): Theories of Norm Strength and Erosion 26: Anton Peez (Goethe-University of Frankfurt): Measuring Norm Strength and Erosion in International Politics 27: Vincent Keating (University of Southern Denmark): What is the Normative Value of Norm Robustness? Comparing Constructivist and English School Perspectives 28: Ingvild Bode (University of Southern Denmark): Norm Robustness and International Practice Theories 29: Srinivas Burra (South Asian University): Norm Strength, Change, and Inequality in International Law 30: Élise Rousseau (University Cambridge): Navigating Norm Strength: Compliance Mechanisms in Global Governance Section 6: Norms and Ethics Section Editors: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews): 31: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews) and Aarushi Sharma (University of St Andrews): Ethics and Normative Traditions: Peace as a Fundamental Norm 32: Neta C. Crawford (University of Oxford): Persistent Tensions Among Norms: Intention, Norms of Civilian Immunity and Protection versus Norms of Proportionality and the Military Necessity 33: Susan L. Kang (City University of New York) and Jonathan Havercroft (University of Southampton): Constructing Normative Foundations: Stanley Cavell, Social Constructivism, and Public Assembly Rights in Brazil, the U.S., and the U.K. 34: Rita Floyd (University of Birmingham): Regulating Security Policy and Practice via a Norm of Just Securitization 35: Brent Steele (University of Utah) and Eric A. Heinze (University of Oklahoma): Ethically Evaluating and Appraising Norms: Three Cautionary Tales 36: João Nunes (Universidad Pontificia Comillas Madrid): Body Politics, Domination and Vulnerability: A Critique of Global Health Security Section 7: Norm Contestation and Normative Legitimacy Section Editors: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds) and Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): 37: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): Contestation Theory 38: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds): Meanings-in-Use and Useful Meanings: Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) from a Pragmatist Perspective 39: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Henrik Schillinger (University of Duisburg-Essen): Strategies for Coping with Contestation in Norms Research 40: Chiara de Franco (University of Southern Denmark) and Linnéa Gelot (University of Southern Denmark): A Bourdieusian Perspective on Contestation Theory 41: Nicole Jenne (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and Christoph Harig (Royal Danish Defence College): Contested Peacekeeping Norms Across the Global South 42: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University): Norm Contestation, Global South Agency, and the Anti-Impunity Norm: Actualizing the Emancipatory Potential of International Criminal Law through Contestation 43: Laura von Allwörden (University of Kiel): Legitimating Norms through Contestation: The Global Climate Section 8: Complexity, Interactions and Dynamics Section Editors: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt), Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden), and Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): 44: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt) and Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden): Norm Complexity and Interactions: Surveying an Emerging Field 45: Laura Gómez Mera (University of Miami): How Positive Norm Interactions Contribute to the Emergence and Diffusion of Norm Clusters 46: Johanne Døhlie Saltnes (ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo): Norm Conflicts: Distinguishing between Application and Validity 47: Ruji Auethavornpipat (La Trobe University): Norm Conflicts and Synergies in Global Migration Governance 48: Rebecca Sander (University of Cincinnati) and Laura Dudley Jenkins (University of Cincinnati) (Yale University): Normative Frameworks and Norm Hierarchies 49: Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): Norm Interactions, World Order, and Systemic Change Section 9: Reverberations of Norms Research Across International Relations Section Editors: Phil Orchard and Liam Moore (University of Wollongong): 50: Thomas Risse (Free University of Berlin): Deep Contestations and the Resilience of the Liberal International Order 51: Qiaochu Zhang (University of Manchester): Rising Powers as Norm Entrepreneurs and the Future of Liberal International Order 52: Liam Moore (University of Wollongong) and Phil Orchard (University of Wollongong): Reverberations Through Clusters and Regimes: Norms and Forced Displacement Policy 53: Jan Wilkens (University of Hamburg): Narratives of Change in the Climate Crisis: The Return of the Tipping Point and Critical Norms Research 54: Sara E. Davies (Griffith University): Global Health and Norms 55: Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués (Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals): Norms Research and Foreign Policy

Sassan Gholiagha is a postdoctoral researcher at the European New School of Digital Studies (European-University Viadrina). His publications include The Humanisation of Global Politics (CUP)\ and “Between (ir)responsibility and (in)appropriateness: Conceptualizing norm-related state behaviour in the Russian war against Ukraine” in Global Constitutionalism (with Mitja Sienknecht). He has acted as reviewer for leading IR journals and was co-speaker of the thematic group on norms research in IR of the German Political Science Association.Phil Orchard is Professor of International Relations and Discipline Leader, Politics and International Studies, at the University of Wollongong and Co-Director of the UOW Future of Rights Centre. His books include A Right to Flee (CUP) and Protecting the Internally Displaced (Routledge) and co-edited books with Alexander Betts, Implementation in World Politics (Oxford), with Charles Hunt, Constructing the Responsibility to Protect, (Routledge) and with Antje Wiener, Contesting the World.Antje Wiener is a Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Hamburg and By-Fellow at Hughes Hall, University of Cambridge. Her books include Contestation and Constitution of Norms in Global International Relations (CUP), A Theory of Contestation (Springer), The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters (CUP), and Deep Contestations of the Liberal International Order co-edited with David Lake and Thomas Risse (Oxford). She is editor-in-chief of the Norm Research in International Relations Series (Springer) and founding editor-in-chief of Global Constitutionalism (CUP since 2012).

• Front matter Preface Volume Editors Section Editors Contributors 1: Introduction Section 1: A History of Norms Research - Section Editors: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary) 2: Wayne Sandholtz (University of Southern California) and Kelebogile Zvobgo (William & Mary): The International Norms Enterprise 3: Ezgi Yildiz (California State University, Long Beach) and Isabel Silagy (Boston University): Norms, Legitimacy, and Compliance: Between International Law and Politics 4: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University) and Andrea Vilán (American University): International Norms and Domestic Politics 5: Nina Tannenwald (Brown University): The Nuclear Taboo: A Global Prohibitionary Norm 6: Audie Klotz (Syracuse University): Race and Racism in Norms Research 7: Devon Cantwell-Chavez (University of Ottawa): Whose Norms Matter? Challenging Power in Global Climate Governance Section 2: Key Concepts of Norms Research Section Editors: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg) and Jeffrey S. Lantis (The College of Wooster): 8: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): The Norm Typology: Approaches and Models 9: Swati Srivastava (Purdue University): Hybrid Sovereignty, Norm Reification, and Practices 10: Maren Hofius (University of Hamburg): The Constructivist Promise Revisited: On the Practice Dimension of Norms 11: Carmen Wunderlich (University of Freiburg): On the Concept of Norm Clusters 12: Sassan Gholiagha (European-University Viadrina) and Mitja Sienknecht (European-University Viadrina): "It s what you ought to do: Appropriateness as a Central Concept in Norms Research Section 3: The Methodological Tool-Kit of Norms Research Section Editors: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences): 13: 1. Katharina Glaab (Norwegian University of Life Sciences) and Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg): How to Study International Norms: From Methodologies to Methods in Norms Research 14: Anna Holzscheiter (TUD Dresden University of Technology): Speaking Norms: Discourse Analytical Approaches and Methodologies in Norms Research 15: Dongwook Kim (Australian National University): Quantitative Approaches and Theory Evaluation in Norms Research 16: Diana Panke (Free University Berlin), Ulrich Petersohn (University of Liverpool), and Sercan Pekel (University of Liverpool): Data, Generalization and Causal Inference in Quantitative Norm Research 17: Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla (University of Cambridge): Historical Approaches and Archival Work in Norms Research Helen M. Kinsella (University of Minnesota) and Giovanni Mantilla 18: Xymena Kurowska (Central European University): Ethnographic Approaches to the Study of Norms Section 4: Norm Emergence and Change Section Editors: Adam Bower (University of St Andrews) and Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews): 19: Anette Stimmer (University of St. Andrews) and Adam Bower (University of St. Andrews): A Rhetorical Approach to Norm Change 20: Susanne Zwingel (Florida International University): Norm Translation: Content-in-Motion and Contextualized Practice 21: Jacqui True (Monash University): Transnational Network Approaches and Norm Agency 22: Kazushige Kobayashi (Ritsumeikan University Kyoto): Agents of Socialization Beyond the West 23: Anette Stimmer (University of St Andrews) and Duncan Snidal (Nuffield College, University of Oxford): How (De)Legalisation Unfolds 24: Zoltán I. Búzás (University of Notre Dame): Failed Norm Emergence and Change Section 5: Norm Robustness: Between Strength and Erosion Section Editors: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): 25: Lisbeth Zimmermann (Goethe-University of Frankfurt) and Max Lesch (European University Institute and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt): Theories of Norm Strength and Erosion 26: Anton Peez (Goethe-University of Frankfurt): Measuring Norm Strength and Erosion in International Politics 27: Vincent Keating (University of Southern Denmark): What is the Normative Value of Norm Robustness? Comparing Constructivist and English School Perspectives 28: Ingvild Bode (University of Southern Denmark): Norm Robustness and International Practice Theories 29: Srinivas Burra (South Asian University): Norm Strength, Change, and Inequality in International Law 30: Élise Rousseau (University Cambridge): Navigating Norm Strength: Compliance Mechanisms in Global Governance Section 6: Norms and Ethics Section Editors: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews): 31: Anthony F. Lang Jr. (University of St Andrews) and Aarushi Sharma (University of St Andrews): Ethics and Normative Traditions: Peace as a Fundamental Norm 32: Neta C. Crawford (University of Oxford): Persistent Tensions Among Norms: Intention, Norms of Civilian Immunity and Protection versus Norms of Proportionality and the Military Necessity 33: Susan L. Kang (City University of New York) and Jonathan Havercroft (University of Southampton): Constructing Normative Foundations: Stanley Cavell, Social Constructivism, and Public Assembly Rights in Brazil, the U.S., and the U.K. 34: Rita Floyd (University of Birmingham): Regulating Security Policy and Practice via a Norm of Just Securitization 35: Brent Steele (University of Utah) and Eric A. Heinze (University of Oklahoma): Ethically Evaluating and Appraising Norms: Three Cautionary Tales 36: João Nunes (Universidad Pontificia Comillas Madrid): Body Politics, Domination and Vulnerability: A Critique of Global Health Security Section 7: Norm Contestation and Normative Legitimacy Section Editors: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds) and Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): 37: Antje Wiener (University of Hamburg and University of Cambridge): Contestation Theory 38: Jason Ralph (University of Leeds): Meanings-in-Use and Useful Meanings: Norm Contestation and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) from a Pragmatist Perspective 39: Holger Niemann (Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy Hamburg) and Henrik Schillinger (University of Duisburg-Essen): Strategies for Coping with Contestation in Norms Research 40: Chiara de Franco (University of Southern Denmark) and Linnéa Gelot (University of Southern Denmark): A Bourdieusian Perspective on Contestation Theory 41: Nicole Jenne (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile) and Christoph Harig (Royal Danish Defence College): Contested Peacekeeping Norms Across the Global South 42: Lucrecia García Iommi (Fairfield University): Norm Contestation, Global South Agency, and the Anti-Impunity Norm: Actualizing the Emancipatory Potential of International Criminal Law through Contestation 43: Laura von Allwörden (University of Kiel): Legitimating Norms through Contestation: The Global Climate Section 8: Complexity, Interactions and Dynamics Section Editors: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt), Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden), and Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): 44: Caroline Fehl (Helmut-Schmidt-Universität/Universität der Bundeswehr Hamburg and Peace Research Institute Frankfurt) and Elvira Rosert (Technische Universität Dresden): Norm Complexity and Interactions: Surveying an Emerging Field 45: Laura Gómez Mera (University of Miami): How Positive Norm Interactions Contribute to the Emergence and Diffusion of Norm Clusters 46: Johanne Døhlie Saltnes (ARENA Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo): Norm Conflicts: Distinguishing between Application and Validity 47: Ruji Auethavornpipat (La Trobe University): Norm Conflicts and Synergies in Global Migration Governance 48: Rebecca Sander (University of Cincinnati) and Laura Dudley Jenkins (University of Cincinnati) (Yale University): Normative Frameworks and Norm Hierarchies 49: Carla Winston (University of Melbourne): Norm Interactions, World Order, and Systemic Change Section 9: Reverberations of Norms Research Across International Relations Section Editors: Phil Orchard and Liam Moore (University of Wollongong): 50: Thomas Risse (Free University of Berlin): Deep Contestations and the Resilience of the Liberal International Order 51: Qiaochu Zhang (University of Manchester): Rising Powers as Norm Entrepreneurs and the Future of Liberal International Order 52: Liam Moore (University of Wollongong) and Phil Orchard (University of Wollongong): Reverberations Through Clusters and Regimes: Norms and Forced Displacement Policy 53: Jan Wilkens (University of Hamburg): Narratives of Change in the Climate Crisis: The Return of the Tipping Point and Critical Norms Research 54: Sara E. Davies (Griffith University): Global Health and Norms 55: Elisabeth Johansson-Nogués (Institut Barcelona d'Estudis Internacionals): Norms Research and Foreign Policy