Small-Format Aerial Photography

Principles, Techniques and Geoscience Applications

Häftad, Engelska, 2016

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Beskrivning

As the need for geographical data rapidly expands in the 21^st century, so too do applications of small-format aerial photography for a wide range of scientific, commercial and governmental purposes. Small-format Aerial Photography (SFAP) presents basic and advanced principles and techniques with an emphasis on digital cameras. Unmanned platforms are described in considerable detail, including kites, helium and hot-air blimps, model airplanes, and paragliders. Several case studies, primarily drawn from the geosciences, are presented to demonstrate how SFAP is actually used in various applications. Many of these integrate SFAP with ground-based investigations as well as conventional large-format aerial photography, satellite imagery, and other kinds of geographic information.

Full-color photographs throughout
Case studies from around the globe
Techniques presented allow for image resolution impossible to match via traditional aerial photography or satellite datasets
Glossary clarifies key terms

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2016-08-19
Mått:216 x 276 x 22 mm
Vikt:520 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:268
Förlag:Elsevier Science
ISBN:9780444638236

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Mer om författaren

Dr. Aber has a PhD in Geology from the University of Kansas. His interests and research experience are wide ranging in geology, tectonics, landscape evolution, wetland environments, remote sensing, aerial photography, and energy resources. He has conducted field investigations across the United States as well as Canada, Scandinavia, Central Europe and Japan. He is a distinguished professor at Emporia State University, Kansas. Dr. Marzoff is a physical geographer and remote sensing/GIS scientist holding a Ph.D. from Freiburg University, Germany. She has been working on high-resolution remote sensing methods for monitoring land degradation and erosion since 1995. She has been involved in designing and building several unmanned platforms for small-format aerial photography and has developed remote-sensing and photogrammetry-based methods for quantifying geomorphological processes in high temporal and spatial resolution. She has collaborated in numerous research projects with colleagues from Belgium, Germany, India, Morocco, Spain and the USA Dr. Ries holds a Ph.D. from Freiburg University, Germany. His research focusses on methodological questions regarding erosion, land degradation and desertification. His main expertise lies in experimental geomorphology, and small-format aerial and terrestrial photography has always been an integral part of his research concepts and projects. He has extensive international research cooperation and during recent years has conducted fieldwork mostly in semi-arid regions of Europe and Africa

Innehållsförteckning

Part IChapter 1: Introduction to small-format aerial photography1-1. Overview1-2. Brief history1-2.1. 19th century1-2.2. 20th century1-3. Photography and imagery1-4. Conventional aerial photography1-5. Small-format aerial photography1-6. SummaryChapter 2: Basic principles of SFAP2-1. Remote sensing2-1.1. Ideal remote sensing2-1.2. Actual SFAP2-2. Common aspects of SFAP2-2.1. Image vantage2-2.2. Photographic scale and resolution2-2.3. Relief displacement2-2.4. Stereoscopic images2-3. Photographic storage2-4. SummaryChapter 3: Photogrammetry3-1. Introduction3-2. Geometry of single photographs3-2.1. Vertical photography3-2.2. Tilted photography3-2.3. Interior orientation3-2.4. Exterior orientation3-3. Geometry of stereophotographs3-3.1. Principle of stereoscopic viewing3-3.2. Base-height ratio and stereoscopic coverage3-3.3. 3D measurements from stereomodels3-3.4. Creating stereomodels with aerial triangulation by bundle-block adjustment3-4. Quantitative analysis of photographs3-4.1. Measuring and mapping from single photographs3-4.2. Manual measuring and mapping from stereomodels3-4.3. Automatic DEM extraction from stereomodels3-5. SummaryChapter 4: Lighting and atmospheric conditions4-1. Introduction 4-2. Multiview-angle effects4-3. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function4-4. Multispectral effects4-5. Latitude and seasonal conditions4-6. Clouds 4-7. Shadows4-8. SummaryChapter 5: Photographic composition5-1. Introduction5-2. Basic elements of photographic composition5-2.1. Oblique and vertical views5-2.2. Linear features5-2.3. Image depth5-2.4. Pattern and texture5-2.5. Color 5-3. Combining compositional elements5-4. Photographs vs. human vision5.5. SummaryPart IIChapter 6: Cameras for SFAP6-1. Introduction6-2. Film camera basics6-3. Digital camera basics6-3.1. Types of digital cameras6-3.2. Image sensors6-3.3. Image file formats6-4. Camera geometry and light6-4.1. Focal length6-4.2. Lens aperture6-4.3. Shutter speed6-4.4. Film speed or ISO rating6-4.5. Camera exposure settings6-4.6. Image degradation6-5. Color-infrared photography6-6. Camera capabilities for SFAP6-6.1. Camera lens6-6.2. Image sensor6-6.3. File format6-6.4. Camera type6-6.5. Camera calibration6-7. SummaryChapter 7: Camera mounting systems7-1. Introduction7-2. Camera operation7-3. Detachable mounts7-3.1. Single-camera suspended rigs7-3.2. Multiple-camera suspended rigs7-3.3. Attaching suspendable mounts to a platform7-3.4. Detactable modular unit mounts7-4. Fixed mounts7-5. SummaryChapter 8: Platforms for SFAP8-1. Introduction8-2. Manned light-sport aircraft8-2.1. Powered light-sport aircraft8-2.2. Unpowered light-sport aircraft8-3. Lighter-than-air platforms8-3.1. Lifting gases8-3.2. Helium blimp8-3.3. Hot-air blimp8-4. Kite aerial photography8-4.1. Kites for SFAP8-4.2. Kite-flying equipment8-4.3. Ground operations8-5. Drones for SFAP8-5.1. Basic model airplane8-5.2. Autopiloted model airplane8-5.3. Powered paraglider8-6. Pros and cons of different platforms8-7. SummaryChapter 9: SFAP survey planning and implementation9-1. Introduction9-2. Travel and equipment logistics9-3. Site accessibility and characteristics9-3.1. Local site accessibility9-3.2. Flight obstacles9-3.3. Local wind conditions9-3.4. High-altitude SFAP9-4. Ground Control9-4.1. GCP installation9-4.2. GCP coordinate measurement9-5. Flight planning considerations9-5.1. Image scale and resolution9-5.2. Stereoscopic and large-area coverage9-6. Flight planning example9-6.1. Initial calculations: Complete coverage with single image9-6.2. Revised calulations: Optimal image resolution9-6.3. Consequences for aerial survey design9-6.4. Ideal flightline calculation9-7. Flight planning for oblique SFAP9-8. Legal issues9-8.1. German regulations9-8.2. Regulations in the U.S. and other countries9-8.3. Insurance9-9. SummaryChapter 10. Image interpretation10-1. Introduction10-2. Image interpretability10-3. SFAP interpretation10-3.1. Water and drainage10-3.2. Geomorphology10-3.3. Vegetation and agriculture10-3.4. Cultural heritage and archaeology10-3.5. Soils10-4. SummaryChapter 11: Image processing and analysis11-1. Introduction11-2. Geometric correction and georeferencing11-2.1. Reference coordinate systems11-2.2. Image rectification11-2.3. Image mosaics11-3. Image enhancement11-3.1. Correcting lens-dependent aberrations11-3.2. Contrast enhancement11-3.3. Image filtering11-4. Image transformation11-4.1. Image ratios and vegetation indices11-4.2. Principal components analysis and color-space transformations11-5. Image classification11-6. Stereoviewing and photogrammetric analysis11-6.1. Creating simple on-screen stereoviews11-6.2. Using printouts under a stereoscope11-6.3. Digital stereoviewing11-6.4. Stereoscopic measuring and mapping11-6.5. DEM generation11-7. Software for SFAP analysis11-8. SummaryPart IIIChapter 12: Glacial geomorphology12-1. Introduction12-2. Glacial erosion12-3. Glacial deposition12-4. Glacial deformation12-5. SummaryChapter 13: Gully erosion monitoring13-1. Introduction13-2. Study sites and survey13-3. Gully mapping and change analysis13-4. SummaryChapter 14: Wetland environments14-1. Overview14-2. Raised bogs, Estonia14-2.1. Endla Nature Reserve14-2.2. Nigula Nature Reserve14-2.3. Discussion14-3. Prairie marshes and playas, Kansas14-3.1. Cheyenne Bottoms 14-3.2. Dry Lake14-3.3. Discussion 14-4. SummaryChapter 15: Biocontrol of salt cedar15-1. Salt cedar problem15-2. USBR study site15-3. Analysis of KAP results15-4. SummaryChapter 16: Vegetation and erosion16-1. Introduction16-2. Monitoring vegetation and erosion test sites16-3. Influence of grazing on vegetation cover16-4. Combating desertification and soil degradation16-5. SummaryChapter 17: Soil mapping and soil degradation17-1. Introduction17-2. Soils and long-term human land use17-3. SummaryChapter 18: Architecture and property management18-1. Introduction18-2. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri18-3. Property management, Lake Kahola, Kansas18-4. SummaryChapter 19: Golf course management19-1. Overview19-2. Garden City, Kansas19-3. SummaryReferencesIndex