Wind Energy Landscape

James S. Aber, PhD, Roe R. Cross Distinguished Emeritus Professor, Emporia State University, Kansas, USA. Professor Aber’s interests and research experiences spread across energy resources, geology, landscape evolution, aerial photography, and wetland environments.Susan E. W. Aber, PhD, is the former Director of the Science and Math Education Center and Peterson Planetarium at Emporia State University (ESU), Emporia, Kansas, USA. Dr. Aber’s interests are mineralogy, gemology, and energy resources as well as maps and GIS for librarians.Firooza Pavri, PhD, Professor of Geography and Associate Dean, Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service, University of Southern Maine, USA. Professor Pavri’s teaching and research interests include environmental change, resource and energy management, and remote sensing.

• About the Authors xiWind Energy Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xix1 History of Wind Energy 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Traditional Windmills—European and American 31.3 Generating Electricity—Late 1800s to Mid-1900s 91.4 Generating Electricity—Late 1900s 201.5 Wind Energy—Early Twenty-First Century 361.6 Summary 412 Windscape Methodology 452.1 What Is the Windscape? 452.2 Geospatial Analysis 462.3 Remote Sensing 482.4 Maps and GIS 542.5 Economic, Social Science, and Environmental Methods and Techniques 592.6 Summary 643 Converting Wind into Electricity 693.1 Atmosphere and Wind 693.2 Wind Power and Energy 803.3 Turbine Efficiency and Capacity 823.4 Electricity Grid and Interconnection 903.5 Integration of Wind Energy 953.6 Summary 974 Public Policy for Wind Energy 1034.1 Introduction 1034.2 Wind-Energy Policy Measures 1044.3 Land-Use Decisions and Siting Policies 1184.4 Summary 1225 Environmental and Aesthetic Issues 1315.1 Introduction and Risks 1315.2 Wildlife—Birds 1355.3 Wildlife—Bats 1405.4 Visibility 1445.5 Noise 1505.6 Summary 1526 Europe and Asia 1596.1 Eurasian Overview 1596.2 Denmark 1606.3 Faroe Islands 1666.4 Poland 1696.5 India's Wind Geography 1756.6 Summary 1817 North American Case Studies 1877.1 Introduction to the United States and Canada 1877.2 Kansas 1907.3 Southeastern Colorado 2007.4 Offshore New England 2067.5 Saskatchewan, Canada 2117.6 Summary 2148 Energy Production and Consumption 2218.1 Overview 2218.2 Fossil Fuels 2238.3 Nuclear Energy 2298.4 Wind Energy 2328.5 Summary 2359 Ideal Energy 2419.1 Radical Middle 2419.2 Metals 2429.3 Wind Turbines and Health 2459.4 Energy in Transition 2479.5 Energy Gap 2499.6 Summary 25110 Windscape Summary and Conclusion 25510.1 Wind-Industry Origins 25510.2 Windscape 25710.3 Wind and Other Energy Sources 25910.4 Future of Wind Energy 260References 260Index 263