Clinical Anatomy For Dummies

David Terfera, PhD, teaches biomedical sciences at the University of Bridgeport College of Naturopathic Medicine. Shereen Jegtvig, DC, MS, is a health and nutrition writer.

• Introduction 1About This Book 1Conventions Used in This Book 1What You’re Not to Read 2Foolish Assumptions 2How This Book is Organized 2Part I: Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics 3Part II: Understanding the Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis 3Part III: Looking at the Head, Neck, and Back 3Part IV: Moving to the Upper and Lower Extremities 3Part V: The Part of Tens 3Icons Used in This Book 4Where to Go from Here 4Part I: Beginning with Clinical Anatomy Basics 5Chapter 1: Entering the World of Clinical Anatomy 7Studying the Body in Different Ways 7Looking under the microscope or with your eyes 7Speaking clinically: Terms used in clinical anatomy 8Dividing the Body into Systems and Regions 8Organizing the body by systems 9Organizing the body by regions 10Chapter 2: Getting a Grip on Terms Used in Clinical Anatomy 13Describing Anatomy by Position, Region, and Plane 13Beginning with the anatomical position 14Figuring out what goes where in anatomical regions 14Knowing what’s up, down, back, and front in specific terms 16Slicing the body into anatomical planes 17Labeling Anatomical Movement 19Bending and straightening 19Going away and getting closer 19Moving in circles 20Surveying other ways to move 20Chapter 3: Examining the Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, and Nervous Systems 23Showing Interest in Integument 23Looking at the layers and structures of the skin 24Going in farther to the fascia 26Boning Up on the Skeleton 26Figuring out what makes a bone 26Surveying the shapes of bones 27Feeling out bumps, ridges, and indentations 28Catching Up to Cartilage 29Joining the Joints 29Making the Body Move with Muscles 31Moving the bones with skeletal muscle 31Keeping the heart ticking with cardiac muscle 33Having no control over smooth muscle 34Getting on Your Nerves 34Determining what’s in (and on) a neuron 35Coordinating input and signals with the central nervous system 36Touching and moving with the peripheral nervous system 36Feeling and reacting with the somatic nervous system 37Taking control with the autonomic nervous system 37Chapter 4: Moving Along with the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems 39Tracing Circulatory Pathways in the Cardiovascular System 39Making the rounds: Systemic circulation 40Fueling up: Pulmonary circulation 41Moving Blood Away from the Heart with Arteries 43Looking inside large elastic arteries 44Moving to medium muscular arteries 44Surveying small arteries and arterioles 44Taking Blood Back to the Heart with Capillaries and Veins 45Exchanging gases, nutrients, and wastes in capillaries 45Peeking into veins and venules 46Breathing In and Out: The Respiratory System 47Chapter 5: Looking at the Immune and Lymphatic Systems 49Beginning with Red Bone Marrow and Leukocytes 49Fighting infection with lymphocytes 50Binging on bacteria with phagocytes 50Controlling histamines with basophils 51Surveying the Lymphatic System 51Networking with lymphatic capillaries and vessels 51Filtering lymph through nodes 52Collecting lymph in ducts 53Assessing Additional Lymphoid Organs 54The thymus 54The spleen 55The tonsils, the appendix, and the gut 55Chapter 6: Delving into the Digestive, Urinary, and Endocrine Systems 57Breaking Down and Absorbing Your Food: The Digestive System 57Starting in the mouth 58Continuing through the esophagus and into the stomach 58Finishing in the small intestine with help from the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver 59Forming and removing bulk in the large intestine 59Removing Wastes: The Urinary System 60Handling Hormones: The Endocrine System 61The master gland: The pituitary 61The pituitary’s assistants: The hypothalamus and pineal glands 62The body’s metabolism booster: The thyroid gland 62Fighting infection: The thymus 63Stressing out: The suprarenals 64Digestive aid: The pancreas 64Mars and Venus: The testes and the ovaries 65Part II: Understanding the Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis 67Chapter 7: Checking Out the Thoracic Cage and Coverings 69Getting Under Your Skin: Thoracic Bones, Joints, Muscles, and More 69Forming the thoracic cage: The bones 70Moving just a little: The joints 72Helping you breathe: The respiratory muscles 73Running through the thorax: The nerves and blood vessels 76Covering It All Up: The Surface Anatomy of the Thorax 78Using imaginary lines in your assessment 78Looking at the anterior chest wall 79Examining the posterior chest wall 82Chapter 8: Assessing the Thoracic Organs 85Understanding the Mediastinum and Pleural Cavities 85The mediastinum 85The pleural cavities 86Looking at the Lungs 87Surveying the lungs’ surfaces and borders 88Getting air in and out with the trachea 88Branching into the bronchi 88Checking out the lobes 89Flowing with nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics 90Having a Heart 93Surrounding the heart with the pericardium 93Examining the surfaces of the heart 93Putting together the four chambers 95Feeding the heart: Arteries and veins 97Giving the heart its spark 98Exploring Thoracic Circulation 101Circulating blood in the major vessels 101Moving lymph through the lymphatic vessels 102Discovering What Else is in the Thoracic Cavity 103Chapter 9: Bellying Up to the Abdominal Wall 105Drawing Quadrants and Regions on the Abdominal Wall 105Using two lines: The four quadrants 106Using four lines: The nine regions 106Making Up the Abdominal Wall: Muscles and More 107Absolutely fabulous abdominal muscles 107Nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics for maintaining tissues 108Lining the abdomen: The peritoneum 112Inspecting the Inguinal Region 112The inguinal ligament and the iliopubic tract 112The inguinal canal 113The spermatic cord 114The testes 114The scrotum 115Seeing the Skin and Surface Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall 116Chapter 10: Probing the Abdominal Organs 119Poking Around the Peritoneum 119The mesentery and the peritoneal folds and ligaments 120The greater and lesser omentums 120Digging into the Main Digestive Organs 121Entering the esophagus 121Churning in the stomach 122Winding through the small intestine 124Moving into the large intestine 126Observing Organs that Assist with Digestion 128Locating the liver 128Glancing at the gallbladder 132Pinpointing the pancreas 132Identifying Renal Anatomy 133Knowing the kidneys 134Tracing the ureters 135Spying the suprarenal glands 135Figuring Out What Else is in the Abdominal Cavity 136The spleen 136Nerves 137Major abdominal blood vessels 139Lymphatics 142Chapter 11: Seeing the Pelvis and the Perineum 145Pinpointing the Pelvic Structures 145Forming the pelvic girdle: Bones and joints 146Making note of muscles and fascia 148Personal space: The peritoneum 149Feeling out the nerves of the pelvis 150Viewing blood vessels 152Looking at lymphatics 154Comparing Pelvic Organs 155Locating pelvic organs that everyone has 155Finding Mars: The male pelvic organs 157Finding Venus: The female pelvic organs 159Exit Strategy: The Perineum 162The male perineum 164The female perineum 164Part III: Looking at the Head, Neck, and Back 167Chapter 12: Head of the Class 169Sticking to the Skull Bones 169Cradling the brain in the cranial cavity 170Facing forward with the facial bones 172Encasing the Brain: The Meninges 173The dural infoldings 173The dural venous sinuses 174Locating the Areas and Structures of the Brain 175Thinking about the cerebrum 177Going inside the diencephalon 177Balancing the cerebellum 177Surveying the brainstem 178Draining the brain with the ventricles 178Getting the glands 178Counting the cranial nerves 179Serving the brain: The blood supply 182Putting on a Face 183Expressing yourself with facial muscles 183Moving with motor nerves 185Feeling out sensory nerves 185Viewing blood vessels 187Getting a handle on lymphatics 190Enveloping the Head: Facial Surface Anatomy and the Scalp 190Chapter 13: Seeing, Smelling, Tasting, and Hearing 193Seeing into the Eyes 193Taking cover with eyelids 194Having a ball — an eyeball, that is 195Rolling your eyes with extraocular muscles 197Serving the eyes: The nerves 199Providing blood flow to and from the eyes 200Knowing the Nose 201Sniffing out the exterior of the nose 201Scoping out the nasal cavity 201Insinuating your way into the paranasal sinuses 203Sensing the nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics 204Investigating the Mouth 204Open wide: The oral cavity 204Chew on this: The teeth and gums 205Picking on the palate 205Sticking out your tongue 207Making spit in the salivary glands 209Tapping into the temporomandibular joint 209Noting nerves 211Viewing blood vessels 212Sorting through lymphatics 212Entering the Ear 213Examining the external ear 213Moving into the middle ear 214Diving deeper into the inner ear 216Keeping an ear out for nerves and vessels 217Chapter 14: It’s Neck and Neck 219Sizing Up the Superficial Structures: Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels 219Dividing the triangles: The sternocleidomastoid 220Going back to the posterior triangle of the neck 221Understanding the anterior triangle of the neck 223Neck Deep: Diving into the Deep Structures 226Flexing the neck: The prevertebral muscles 226Rooting around the root of the neck 228Homing In on the Neck Organs 230Front and center: Thyroid and parathyroid glands 230Speaking of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea 231Locating lymphatic vessels and nodes 236Surrounding the Neck: Skin and Surface Anatomy 237Chapter 15: Back to Back 239Stacking Up the Vertebral Column 239Analyzing a typical vertebra 240Putting the vertebrae into groups 241Connecting with the vertebral joints 244Studying the Spinal Cord and Meninges 246Spying on the spinal cord and nerves 246Coverings and cushions: Understanding the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid 247Flexing Your Back Muscles 249Shouldering the load: The extrinsic muscles 249Twisting and turning: The intrinsic muscles 249Nodding your head: The suboccipital muscles 252Providing Blood Flow and Lymphatic Drainage in the Back 254Assessing the Surface Anatomy of the Vertebrae and Back Muscles 254Looking for curves in the spine 255Seeing bones on the back’s surface 255Viewing the back muscles 256Part IV: Moving to the Upper and Lower Extremities 257Chapter 16: Shouldering the Load: The Pectoral Girdle and the Arm 259Boning Up on the Shoulder and the Arm 259Looking at the bones of the pectoral girdle 260It’s not funny, but it’s humerus 261Joining the Parts 262Collaring the sternoclavicular joint 262Reviewing the acromioclavicular joint 262Hanging on to the humerus 263Sniffing around the Axilla (Armpit) 264Forming the apex, the base, and the walls 264Tracking the axillary artery and vein 265Moving the Shoulder and the Arm 265Taking a look at the anterior muscles 265Moving to the posterior muscles 267Shaping up the shoulder muscles 267Maintaining the Tissues 269Acknowledging the nerves and blood supply 269Remembering the lymphatic vessels 273Covering Your Shoulders and Arms: The Surface Anatomy 274Chapter 17: Bending the Elbow and Focusing on the Forearm 277Forming the Elbow and the Forearm: The Bones 277Handling the humerus 277Regarding the radius 278Understanding the ulna 278Joining the Elbow and the Forearm 279Bending the elbow 279Reviewing the radioulnar joints 279Making the Elbow and Forearm Move: The Muscles 280The muscles of the arm 280The muscles of the forearm 282Giving a Nod to the Nerves and Blood Supply 282Nerves 284Blood supply 284Looking Only Skin Deep: The Surface Anatomy 285Chapter 18: Shaking Hands and Grabbing the Wrist 287Putting Your Hands (and Wrists) Together 287Starting with the carpal bones 288Moving to the metacarpal bones 289Finding the phalanges 290Waving and Wiggling with the Help of Joints 290Looking at the wrist joints 290Handing over the hand joints 291Pointing to the finger joints 291Making the Most of Wrist and Hand Muscles 292Flexing and extending the wrist 292Sticking out your thumb with the thenar muscles 296Honing in on the hypothenar muscles 296Investigating the interosseous muscles and the lumbricals 297Knowing the Nerves and Blood Supply of the Wrist and Hand 297Getting a feeling for the nerves 298Uncovering the arteries and veins 299Fitting Like a Glove: The Surface Anatomy of the Wrist and Hand 300Chapter 19: Getting Hip to the Hip and the Thigh 303Honing In on Hip and Thigh Bones 303Understanding the Hip and Thigh Joints 306Seeking the sacroiliac joint 306Surveying the symphysis pubis 307Looking at the acetabulofemoral joint 307Swaying Your Hips and Moving Your Thighs with the Help of Muscles 308Minding the muscles of the buttocks 308Turning with the thigh muscles 310Maintaining the Hip and Thigh Tissues 312Knowing the nerves 313Flowing through the arteries and veins 315Looking at the lymphatics 316Summing Up the Surface Landmarks 317Chapter 20: Knowing the Knee and the Leg 319Logging the Knee and Leg Bones 319Knocking the Knee Joint 322Coming up with cartilage and the joint capsule 322Balancing the menisci 322Hanging on with the ligaments 324Bumping up against the bursae 325Kneeling on the patellofemoral joint 326Supervising the superior tibiofibular joint 326Mastering the Muscles that Affect the Knee and Leg 326Starting with thigh muscles that work with the knee 327Aiming at the anterior compartment 327Looking at the lateral compartment 328Pondering the posterior compartment 328Noticing the Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics of the Knee and Leg 329Noting the nerves 329Analyzing the arteries and veins 331Listing the lymph nodes 332Summing Up the Surface Landmarks 332Chapter 21: Finding the Ankle and the Foot 335Looking at the Framework of the Ankle and Foot 335Aiming for the ankle bones 336Assessing the architecture of the foot bones 336Taking In the Ankle and Foot Joints 337Moving up and down: The ankle joint 337Supporting your weight: The foot and toe joints 338Bending Your Ankle and Curling Your Toes: The Muscles 341Turning to leg muscles that move the ankle and the foot 341Minding the muscles of the foot 343Getting Maintenance with Nerves, Blood Vessels, and Lymphatics 344Naming the nerves 345Looking at blood vessels and lymphatics 346Summing Up the Surface Landmarks of the Ankle and the Foot 347Part V: The Part of Tens 349Chapter 22: Ten Helpful Clinical Anatomy Mnemonics 351Thinking about the Cranial Bones 351Focusing on the Facial Bones 352Memorizing the Cranial Nerves 352Summing Up the Heart-Valve Sequence 353Ordering the Abdominal Muscles 353Tracking the Intestinal Tract 354Remembering the Rotator Cuff Muscles 354Concentrating on the Carpal Bones 354Looking at the Lateral Rotator Muscles of the Hip 355Taming the Tarsal Bones 355Chapter 23: Ten Ways to Look into the Body without Cutting It Open 357Conventional Radiography 357Computerized Tomography 358Magnetic Resonance Imaging 358Positron Emission Tomography 358Fluoroscopy 359Mammography 359Ultrasonography 359Opthalmoscopy 360Upper Endoscopy 360Colonoscopy 360Index 361