Process Intensification for Sustainable Energy Conversion

Edited byFAUSTO GALLUCCI AND MARTIN VAN SINT ANNALANDChemical Process Intensification group, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands

• Preface xiList of Contributors xiii1. Introduction 1Fausto Gallucci and Martin van Sint Annaland2. Cryogenic CO2 Capture 7M. van Sint Annaland, M. J. Tuinier and F. Gallucci2.1 Introduction - CCS and Cryogenic Systems 72.1.1 Carbon Capture and Storage 82.1.2 Cryogenic separation 102.2 Cryogenic Packed Bed Process Concept 112.2.1 Capture Step 112.2.2 CO2 Recovery Step 122.2.3 H2O Recovery and Cooling Step 132.3 Detailed Numerical Model 132.3.1 Model Description 132.3.2 Simulation Results 152.3.3 Simplified Model: Sharp Front Approach 162.3.4 Model Description 162.3.5 Process Analysis 222.3.6 Initial Bed Temperature 242.3.7 CO2 Inlet Concentration 242.3.8 Inlet Temperature 252.3.9 Bed Properties 252.4 Small-Scale Demonstration (Proof of Principle) 252.4.1 Results of the Proof of Principle 262.5 Experimental Demonstration of the Novel Process Concept in a Pilot-Scale Set-Up 312.5.1 Experimental Procedure 322.5.2 Experimental Results 332.5.3 Simulations for the Proof of Concept 362.5.4 Radial Temperature Profiles 362.5.5 Influence of the Wall 382.6 Techno-Economic Evaluation 392.6.1 Process Evaluation 402.6.2 Parametric Study 412.6.3 Comparison with Absorption and Membrane Technology 452.7 Conclusions 492.8 Note for the Reader 49List of symbols 50Greek letters 50Subscripts 513. Novel Pre-Combustion Power Production: Membrane Reactors 53F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland3.1 Introduction 533.2 The Membrane Reactor Concept 553.3 Types of Reactors 573.3.1 Packed Bed Membrane Reactors 583.3.2 Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors 653.3.3 Membrane Micro-Reactors 723.4 Conclusions 743.5 Note for the reader 754. Oxy Fuel Combustion Power Production Using High Temperature O2 Membranes 81Vesna Middelkoop and Bart Michielsen4.1 Introduction 814.2 MIEC Perovskites as Oxygen Separation Membrane Materials for the Oxy-fuel Combustion Power Production 834.3 MIEC Membrane Fabrication 854.4 High-temperature ceramic oxygen separation membrane system on laboratory scale 874.4.1 Oxygen permeation measurements and sealing dense MIEC ceramic membranes 874.4.2 BaxSr1−xCo1−xFeyO3−δ and LaxSr1−xCo1−yFeyO3−δ Membranes 894.4.3 Chemical Stability of Perovskite Membranes Under Flue-Gas Conditions 964.4.4 CO2-Tolerant MIEC Membranes 994.5 Integration of High-Temperature O2 Transport Membranes into Oxy-Fuel Process: Real World and Economic Feasibility 1034.5.1 Four-End and Three-End Integration Modes 1034.5.2 Pilot-Scale Membrane Systems 1044.5.3 Further Scale-Up of O2 Production Systems 1065. Chemical Looping Combustion for Power Production 117V. Spallina H. P. Hamers, F. Gallucci and M. van Sint Annaland5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Oxygen carriers 1205.2.1 Nickel-based OCs 1225.2.2 Iron-based OCs 1225.2.3 Copper-based OCs 1225.2.4 Manganese-based OCs 1235.2.5 Other Oxygen Carriers 1235.2.6 Sulfur Tolerance 1235.3 Reactor Concepts 1245.3.1 Interconnected Fluidized Bed Reactors 1245.3.2 Packed Bed Reactors 1325.3.3 Rotating Reactor 1435.4 The Integration of CLC Reactor in Power Plant 1445.4.1 Natural Gas Power Plant with CLC 1445.4.2 Coal-Based Power Plant with CLC 1485.4.3 Comparison between CLC in packed beds and circulated fluidized beds 1625.5 Conclusions 164Nomenclature 167Subscripts 1686. Sorption-Enhanced Fuel Conversion 175G. Manzolini, D. Jansen and A. D. Wright6.1 Introduction 1756.2 Development in Sorption-Enhanced Processes 1766.2.1 Enhanced Steam Methane Reformer 1776.2.2 SEWGS 1776.3 Sorbent Development 1806.3.1 Sorbent for Sorption-Enhanced Reforming 1806.3.2 Sorbent for Enhanced Water-Gas Shift 1826.4 Process Descriptions 1886.4.1 Fluidised Beds 1896.4.2 Fixed Beds 1906.4.3 Design Optimisation of Fixed Bed Processes 1956.5 Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Processes in Power Plant for CO2 Capture 1966.5.1 SER 1966.5.2 SEWGS case 1996.6 Conclusions 203Nomenclature 2047. Pd-Based Membranes in Hydrogen Production for Fuel cells 209Rune Bredesen, Thijs A. Peters, Tim Boeltken and Roland Dittmeyer7.1 Introduction 2097.2 Characteristics of Fuel Cells and Applications 2117.3 Centralized and Distributed Hydrogen Production for Energy Applications 2137.4 Pd-Based Membranes 2167.5 Hydrogen Production Using Pd-Based Membranes 2167.5.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas and Coal 2177.5.2 Hydrogen from Ethanol 2197.5.3 Hydrogen from Methanol 2207.5.4 Hydrogen from Other Hydrocarbon Sources 2217.5.5 Hydrogen from Ammonia 2217.6 Process Intensification by Microstructured Membrane Reactors 2217.7 Integration of Pd-Based Membranes and Fuel Cells 2297.8 Final Remarks 2318. From Biomass to SNG 243Luca Di Felice and Francesca Micheli8.1 Introduction 2438.2 Current Status of Bio-SNG Production and Facilities in Europe 2448.3 Bio-SNG Process Configuration 2458.3.1 The Gasification Step 2478.3.2 Gas Cleaning 2488.3.3 The Synthesis Step 2508.4 Catalytic Systems 2518.5 The Case Study 2538.5.1 The Feeding Composition 2548.5.2 Heat Exchangers 2568.5.3 Scrubber Tar Removal 2578.5.4 Ammonia Absorber 2588.5.5 HCl and H2S Removal 2598.5.6 Compression Section 2598.5.7 Separation Section: H2O and CO2 Removal 2598.5.8 Methanation Section Case 1: Adiabatic Fixed Bed with Intermediate Cooling 2608.5.9 Methanation Section Case 2: Isothermal Fluidized Bed 2628.6 Chemical Efficiency 2638.7 Conclusions 2639. Blue Energy: Salinity Gradient for Energy Conversion 267Paolo Chiesa, Marco Astolfi and Antonio Giuffrida9.1 Introduction 2679.2 Fundamentals of Salinity Gradient Exploitation 2689.3 Pressure Retarded Osmosis Technology 2709.3.1 Operating Principles 2719.3.2 Plant Layout and Components 2729.3.3 Design Criteria and Optimization 2769.3.4 Technology Review 2779.3.5 Pilot Testing 2789.4 The Reverse Electrodialysis Technology 2799.4.1 Operating Principles and Plant Layout 2799.4.2 RED Technology Review 2829.5 Other Salinity Gradient Technologies 2849.5.1 Reverse Vapor Compression 2849.5.2 Hydrocratic Generator 2889.6 Osmotic Power Plants Potential 2909.6.1 Site Criteria for Osmotic Power Plants 2929.7 Conclusions 29410. Solar Process Heat and Process Intensification 299Bettina Muster and Christoph Brunner10.1 Solar Process Heat - A Short Technology Review 29910.1.1 Examples of solar process heat system concepts 30110.1.2 Solar process heat collector development 30210.2 Potential of Solar Process Heat in Industry 30510.3 Bottlenecks for Integration of Solar Process Heat in Industry 30510.3.1 Introduction 30510.3.2 Bottlenecks of the Industrial Process to Integrate Solar Heat Supply 30610.3.3 Bottlenecks of the Solar Process Heat System 30810.3.4 Engineering Intensified Process Systems for Renewable Energy Integration 30810.4 PI - A Promising Approach to Increase the Solar Process Heat Potential? 30910.4.1 Intensifying the Industrial Process and Possible Effects on Solar Process Heat 31110.5 Conclusion 32811. Bioenergy - Intensified Biomass Utilization 331Katia Gallucci and Pier Ugo Foscolo11.1 Introduction 33111.2 Biomass Gasification: State-of-the-Art Overview 33211.2.1 Cold Gas Cleaning and Conditioning: Current Systems 33511.3 Hot Gas Cleaning 34311.3.1 Contaminant Problems Addressed 34311.3.2 Dust Filtration 34911.3.3 Catalytic Conditioning 35211.3.4 The UNIQUE Concept for Gasification and Hot Gas Cleaning and Conditioning 36311.4 Conclusions 376Index 387