Introduction to Flat Panel Displays

Series Editor: Ian Sage, Abelian Services, Malvern, UK Jiun-Haw Lee, National Taiwan University, TaiwanJiun-Haw Lee received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering in from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. From 2000 to 2003, Dr Lee was a director at the RiTdisplay Corporation, before joining the faculty of National Taiwan University in the Graduate Institute of Electro-optical Engineering and the Department of Electrical Engineering, where he is currently an associate professor. His research interests include organic light emitting device (OLED), display technologies, and solid-state lighting.I-Chun Cheng, National Taiwan University, TaiwanDr. Cheng received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Princeton University in 2004. Following her degree, she became a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. She joined the faculty of National Taiwan University in 2007, where she is currently an associate professor at the Department of Electrical Engineering and Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics. She has primarily worked in the field of metal oxide semiconductor thin-film device technology, photoelectrochemical solar cells and flexible large-area electronics.Hong Hua, University of Arizona, USADr. Hua is currently a Full Professor with the College of Optical Sciences (OSC) and joint faculty with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Computer Science at the University of Arizona. Dr. Hong Hua received her Ph.D. degree in optical engineering from Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China, in 1999, with the dissertation titled �Techniques of Immersion Enhancement and Interaction for Virtual Reality� (with honor). She received her B.S. in optical engineering and Minor B.S. degree in computer science from BIT in 1994.Shin-Tson Wu, University of Central Florida, USAPrior to joining UCF in 2001, Dr. Wu was with Hughes Research Laboratories (Malibu, California) where the first laser was invented. He received his Ph.D. in Laser Physics from the University of Southern California. His research at UCF focuses in Advanced displays, including quantum dots and sunlight readable LCDs and OLEDs; wearable displays including augmented reality and virtual reality; adaptive lenses; spatial light modulators and biosensors. Dr. Wu is a Charter Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors and one of the first six inductees of the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame.

• Series Editor’s Foreword xiii1 Flat Panel Displays 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Emissive and non-emissive Displays 41.3 Display Specifications 41.3.1 Physical Parameters 51.3.2 Brightness and Color 71.3.3 Contrast Ratio 81.3.4 Spatial and Temporal Characteristics 81.3.5 Efficiency and Power Consumption 91.3.6 Flexible Displays 91.4 Applications of Flat Panel Displays 91.4.1 Liquid Crystal Displays 101.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes 101.4.3 Organic Light-Emitting Devices 111.4.4 Reflective Displays 111.4.5 Head-Mounted Displays 121.4.6 Touch Panel Technologies 12References 132 Color Science and Engineering 152.1 Introduction 152.2 Photometry 162.3 The Eye 182.4 Colorimetry 222.4.1 Trichromatic Space 222.4.2 CIE 1931 Colormetric Observer 242.4.3 CIE 1976 Uniform Color System 272.4.4 CIECAM 02 Color Appearance Model 302.4.5 Color Gamut 312.4.6 Light Sources 322.4.6.1 Sunlight and Blackbody Radiators 322.4.6.2 Light Sources for Transmissive, Reflective, and Projection Displays 332.4.6.3 Color Rendering Index 342.5 Production and Reproduction of Colors 342.6 Display Measurements 35Homework Problems 36References 363 Thin Film Transistors 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Basic Concepts of Crystalline Semiconductor Materials 393.2.1 Band Structure of Crystalline Semiconductors 403.2.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors 433.3 Classification of Silicon Materials 463.4 Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) 463.4.1 Electronic Structure of a:Si-H 473.4.2 Carrier Transport in a-Si:H 483.4.3 Fabrication of a-Si:H 483.5 Polycrystalline Silicon 493.5.1 Carrier Transport in Polycrystalline Silicon 493.5.2 Fabrication of Polycrystalline-Silicon 503.6 Thin-Film Transistors 523.6.1 Fundamentals of TFTs 523.6.2 a-Si:H TFTs 553.6.3 Poly-Si TFTs 553.6.4 Organic TFTs 563.6.5 Oxide Semiconductor TFTs 573.6.6 Flexible TFT Technology 593.7 PM and AM Driving Schemes 61Homework Problems 67References 674 Liquid Crystal Displays 714.1 Introduction 714.2 Transmissive LCDs 724.3 Liquid Crystal Materials 744.3.1 Phase Transition Temperatures 754.3.2 Eutectic Mixtures 754.3.3 Dielectric Constants 774.3.4 Elastic Constants 784.3.5 Rotational Viscosity 794.3.6 Optical Properties 804.3.7 Refractive Indices 804.3.7.1 Wavelength Effect 804.3.7.2 Temperature Effect 824.4 Liquid Crystal Alignment 834.5 Homogeneous Cell 844.5.1 Phase Retardation Effect 854.5.2 Voltage Dependent Transmittance 864.6 Twisted Nematic (TN) 874.6.1 Optical Transmittance 874.6.2 Viewing Angle 894.6.3 Film-Compensated TN 904.7 In-Plane Switching (IPS) 914.7.1 Device Structure 924.7.2 Voltage-Dependent Transmittance 924.7.3 Viewing Angle 924.7.4 Phase Compensation Films 934.8 Fringe Field Switching (FFS) 954.8.1 Device Configurations 954.8.2 n-FFS versus p-FFS 964.9 Vertical Alignment (VA) 984.9.1 Voltage-Dependent Transmittance 984.9.2 Response Time 994.9.3 Overdrive and Undershoot Addressing 1014.9.4 Multi-domain Vertical Alignment (MVA) 1024.10 Ambient Contrast Ratio 1034.10.1 Modeling of Ambient Contrast Ratio 1034.10.2 Ambient Contrast Ratio of LCD 1034.10.3 Ambient Contrast Ratio of OLED 1044.10.4 Simulated ACR for Mobile Displays 1054.10.5 Simulated ACR for TVs 1054.10.6 Simulated Ambient Isocontrast Contour 1064.10.6.1 Mobile Displays 1064.10.6.2 Large-Sized TVs 1084.10.7 Improving LCD’s ACR 1094.10.8 Improving OLED’s ACR 1104.11 Motion Picture Response Time (MPRT) 1124.12 Wide Color Gamut 1144.12.1 Material Synthesis and Characterizations 1154.12.2 Device Configurations 1164.13 High Dynamic Range 1184.13.1 Mini-LED Backlit LCDs 1184.13.2 Dual-Panel LCDs 1204.14 Future Directions 121Homework Problems 123References 1245 Light-Emitting Diodes 1355.1 Introduction 1355.2 Material Systems 1385.2.1 AlGaAs and AlGaInP Material Systems for Red and Yellow LEDs 1405.2.2 GaN-Based Systems for Green, Blue, UV and UV LEDs 1415.2.3 White LEDs 1435.3 Diode Characteristics 1465.3.1 p- and n-Layer 1475.3.2 Depletion Region 1485.3.3 J–V Characteristics 1505.3.4 Heterojunction Structures 1525.3.5 Quantum-Well, -Wire, and -Dot Structures 1525.4 Light-Emitting Characteristics 1545.4.1 Recombination Model 1545.4.2 L-J Characteristics 1555.4.3 Spectral Characteristics 1565.4.4 Efficiency Droop 1595.5 Device Fabrication 1605.5.1 Epitaxy 1615.5.2 Process Flow and Device Structure Design 1655.5.3 Extraction Efficiency Improvement 1665.5.4 Packaging 1685.6 Applications 1695.6.1 Traffic Signals, Electronic Signage and Huge Displays 1695.6.2 LCD Backlight 1705.6.3 General Lighting 1725.6.4 Micro-LEDs 173Homework Problems 175References 1756 Organic Light-Emitting Devices 1796.1 Introduction 1796.2 Energy States in Organic Materials 1806.3 Photophysical Processes 1826.3.1 Franck–Condon Principle 1826.3.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 1836.3.3 Jablonski Diagram 1856.3.4 Intermolecular Processes 1866.3.4.1 Energy Transfer Processes 1866.3.4.2 Excimer and Exciplex Formation 1886.3.4.3 Quenching Processes 1886.3.5 Quantum Yield Calculation 1896.4 Carrier Injection, Transport, and Recombination 1916.4.1 Richardson–Schottky Thermionic Emission 1926.4.2 SCLC, TCLC, and P–F Mobility 1936.4.3 Charge Recombination 1956.4.4 Electromagnetic Wave Radiation 1956.5 Structure, Fabrication and Characterization 1976.5.1 Device Structure of Organic Light-Emitting Device 1986.5.1.1 Two-Layer Organic Light-Emitting Device 1986.5.1.2 Matrix Doping in the EML 2006.5.1.3 HIL, EIL, and p-i-n Structure 2026.5.1.4 Top-Emission and Transparent OLEDs 2046.5.2 Polymer OLED 2056.5.3 Device Fabrication 2066.5.3.1 Thin-film Formation 2076.5.3.2 Encapsulation and Passivation 2106.5.3.3 Device Structures for AM Driving 2116.5.4 Electrical and Optical Characteristics 2126.5.5 Degradation Mechanisms 2146.6 Triplet Exciton Utilization 2196.6.1 Phosphorescent OLEDs 2196.6.2 Triplet-Triplet Annihilation OLED 2216.6.3 Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence 2226.6.4 Exciplex-Based OLED 2236.7 Tandem Structure 2246.8 Improvement of Extraction Efficiency 2266.9 White OLEDs 2296.10 Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diode 2316.11 Applications 2336.11.1 Mobile OLED Display 2336.11.2 OLED TV 2346.11.3 OLED Lighting 2356.11.4 Flexible OLEDs 2356.11.5 Novel Displays 236Homework Problems 236References 2377 Reflective Displays 2457.1 Introduction 2457.2 Electrophoretic Displays 2457.3 Reflective Liquid Crystal Displays 2497.4 Reflective Display Based on Optical Interference (Mirasol Display) 2537.5 Electrowetting Display 2547.6 Comparison of Different Reflective Display Technologies 256Homework Problems 256References 2578 Fundamentals of Head-Mounted Displays for Virtual and Augmented Reality 2598.1 Introduction 2598.2 Human Visual System 2628.3 Fundamentals of Head-mounted Displays 2658.3.1 Paraxial Optical Specifications 2658.3.2 Microdisplay Sources 2728.3.3 HMD Optics Principles and Architectures 2758.3.4 Optical Combiner 2808.4 HMD Optical Designs and Performance Specifications 2868.4.1 HMD Optical Designs 2868.4.2 HMD Optical Performance Specifications 2908.5 Advanced HMD Technologies 2988.5.1 Eyetracked and Fovea-Contingent HMDs 2998.5.2 Dynamic Range Enhancement 3028.5.3 Addressable Focus Cues in HMDs 3058.5.3.1 Extended Depth of Field Displays 3078.5.3.2 Vari-Focal Plane (VFP) Displays 3088.5.3.3 Multi-Focal Plane (MFP) Displays 3098.5.3.4 Head-Mounted Light Field (LF) Displays 3158.5.4 Head-Mounted Light Field Displays 3168.5.4.1 InI-Based Head-Mounted Light Field Displays 3178.5.4.2 Computational Multi-Layer Head-Mounted Light Field Displays 3218.5.5 Mutual Occlusion Capability 323References 3289 Touch Panel Technology 3379.1 Introduction 3379.2 Resistive Touch Panel 3389.3 Capacitive Touch Panel 3399.4 On-Cell and In-Cell Touch Panel 3449.5 Optical Sensing for Large Panels 347Homework Problems 348References 348Index 351