Silicon Photonics, 2 Volume Set

M. Jamal Deen, PhD, is Distinguished University Professor and Director of the Micro- & Nano Systems Lab at McMaster University, Canada.Prasanta K. Basu, PhD, Professor (retired) at the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics at the University of Calcutta.Nikhil R. Das, PhD, Professor at the University of Calcutta, India, specializes in semiconductor nanoelectronics and photonics.

• Preface xiVolume 11. Introduction to Silicon Photonics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 VLSI: Past, Present, and Future Roadmap 31.3 The Interconnect Problem in VLSI 41.4 The Long-Haul Optical Communication Link 71.5 Data Network 111.6 Conclusions 121.7 Scope of the Book 122. Basic Properties of Silicon 212.1 Introduction 222.2 Band Structure 222.3 Density-of-States Function 322.4 Impurities 352.5 Alloys of Silicon and Other Group IV Elements 382.6 Heterojunctions and Band Lineup 412.7 Si-Based Heterostructures 432.8 Direct Gap: Ge/SiGeSn Heterojunctions 583. Quantum Structures 713.1 Introduction 713.2 Quantum Wells 713.3 Quantum Wires and Dots 833.4 Superlattices 883.5 Silicon-Based Quantum Structures 913.6 Effect of Electric Field 1014. Optical Processes 1094.1 Introduction 1094.2 Optical Constants and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation 1104.3 Basic Concepts 1144.4 Absorption Processes in Semiconductors 1174.5 Fundamental Absorption in Direct Bandgap Semiconductors 1194.6 Fundamental Absorption in Indirect-Gap Semiconductors 1284.7 Absorption and Gain in Semiconductors 1344.8 Intervalence Band Absorption 1384.9 Free-Carrier Absorption 1394.10 Recombination and Luminescence 1434.11 Nonradiative Recombination 1504.12 Excitonic and Impurity Absorption 1575. Optical Processes in Quantum Structures 1675.1 Introduction 1675.2 Optical Processes in QWs 1685.3 Intersubband Transitions 1805.4 Excitonic Processes in QWs 1865.5 Effect of Electric Fields 1945.6 Optical Processes in QWRs 1995.7 Optical Processes in QDs 2025.8 Optical Processes in Si QWRs and QDs 2056. Light Emitters in Si 2116.1 Introduction 2116.2 Basic Principles of Light Emission in Semiconductors 2126.3 Early Approaches—Zone Folding in Si–Ge Superlattices 2156.4 Band Structure Engineering Using Alloys 2176.5 Quantum Confinement 2206.6 Impurities in Silicon 2296.7 Stimulated Emission: Prospect 2376.8 Intersubband Emission 2426.9 Tensile-Strained Ge Layers 2486.10 GeSn Lasers: Toward Silicon-Compatible Light Sources 2517. Si Light Modulators 2637.1 Introduction 2637.2 Physical Effects 2657.3 Electrorefraction in Silicon 2737.4 Thermo-Optic Effects in Si 2767.5 Modulators: Some Key Characteristics 2787.6 Modulation Bandwidth Under Injection 2807.7 Optical Structures 2827.8 Electrical Structures 2877.9 High-Bandwidth Modulators 2947.10 Performance of EO Modulators 2997.11 Summarizing Comments of Performance Metrics 2998. Silicon Photodetectors 3098.1 Introduction 3098.2 Optical Detection 3118.3 Important Characteristics of Photodetectors 3158.4 Examples of Types of Photodetectors 3268.5 Examples of Photodiodes in Standard Silicon Technology 3328.6 Phototransistors in Standard Silicon Technology 3378.7 CMOS and BiCMOS 3398.8 Silicon-on-Insulator 3398.9 Photodetectors Using Heteroepitaxy 3438.10 Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) 362References for Tables 8.1 to 8.3 378Problems 380References 382Volume 29. Raman Lasers 3879.1 Introduction 3879.2 Raman Scattering: Basic Concepts 3909.3 Simplified Theory of Raman Scattering 3989.4 Raman Effect in Silicon 4029.5 Raman Gain Coefficient 4049.6 Continuous-Wave Raman Laser 4119.7 Further Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives in Silicon Raman Lasers 41510. Guided Light Waves: Introduction 42310.1 Introduction 42310.2 Ray-Optic Theory for Light Guidance 42410.3 Reflection Coefficients 42610.4 Modes of a Planar Waveguide 42810.5 Wave Theory of Light Guides 43510.6 3D Optical Waveguides 44510.7 Loss Mechanisms in Waveguides 45510.8 Coupling to Optical Devices 46310.9 Other Ways of Guiding Light Waves 47311. Principle of Planar Waveguide Devices 47911.1 Introduction 47911.2 Model for Mode Coupling 48011.3 Directional Coupler 48411.4 Distributed Bragg Reflector 48911.5 Some Useful Planar Devices 49512. Waveguides for Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Systems 51912.1 Introduction 51912.2 Structure and Operation of AWGs 52112.3 AWG Characteristics 52612.4 Methods for Enhancing AWG Performance 53312.5 Applications of AWGs 54012.6 PHASAR-Based Devices on Different Materials 55212.7 Echelle Grating 55713. Nonlinear Silicon Photonics 56513.1 Introduction 56513.2 Optical Processes and Nonlinearity 56513.3 Phase Matching and Quasi-Phase Matching 57613.4 Some Theoretical Aspects of Optical Pulse Propagation 58313.5 Silicon Structures with Optical Nonlinearity 60113.6 Optical Nonlinearity in Silicon and Applications 60414. Fabrication Techniques and Materials Systems 64714.1 Introduction 64714.2 Planar Processing 65114.3 Substrate Growth and Preparation 65114.4 Material Modification 66014.5 Etching 66614.6 Lithography 67314.7 Fabrication of Waveguides 67514.8 Grating Formation Process 68114.9 Materials Systems for Waveguide Formation 685Questions and Problems 705References 707Suggested Reading 710Appendix A k p Method 713Appendix B Bra-Ket Notation 741Appendix C Values of Parameters 753Index 755