Edited by M. T. Sebastian Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, FinlandRick Ubic Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, USAHeli Jantunen Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland

• VOLUME IList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix1. Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties and Factors Affecting Them 1M.T. Sebastian, M.A.S. Silva, and A.S.B. Sombra1.1 Introduction 11.2 Permittivity (;;r) and quality factor (Q) 21.3 Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties 71.4 Methods of Measurement 81.5 Measurement of EMI Shielding Effectiveness 291.6 Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Measurements 311.7 Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Powder Samples 341.8 Estimation of Dielectric Loss by Spectroscopic Methods 351.9 Factors Affecting Dielectric Loss 391.10 Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency 411.11 Tuning of the Resonant Frequency 42References 452. Modeling of Microwave Dielectric Properties of Composites 53Marko Tuhkala, Merja Teirikangas, and Jari Juuti2.1 Introduction 532.2 Connectivity 542.3 Electrostatic Theory 562.4 Mixing Equations 592.5 Effect of Porosity 712.6 Conclusion 77References 773. Perovskites 81K.P. Surendran and Rick Ubic3.1 Introduction 813.2 Lattice Constant Prediction 833.3 Tolerance Factor 843.4 Octahedral Tilting 863.5 Simple Perovskites 873.6 Cation Ordering 893.7 Cation Deficient Perovskites 1333.8 Summary 135References 1364. High Permittivity Materials 149Rick Ubic, G. Subodh, and M.T. Sebastian4.1 Introduction 1494.2 The BaO–Ln2O3–TiO2 System 1494.3 The Effect of Processing Parameters on Electrical Properties 1624.4 Titania 1644.5 Sr1-3x/2CexTiO3 Ceramics 1664.6 Pbn(Nb1-xTax)O5+n 1744.7 (Pb1-xCax)(Fe1/2B1/2)O3 [B = Nb, Ta] 1854.8 Ag(Nb1-xTax)O3 1874.9 Summary 190References 1905. Millimeter-Wave Materials 203Hitoshi Ohsato5.1 Introduction: New Frontiers of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2035.2 Dielectric Properties for Millimeter Wave 2075.3 Candidates of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2095.4 Specialized Study 212Acknowledgments 259References 2596. Other Important Materials 267M.T. Sebastian and R.C. Pullar6.1 Spinel 2676.2 Li2ATi3O8 (A = Mg, Zn) Ceramics 2806.3 Li2Zn3Ti4O12 2896.4 Apatites 2906.5 Alumina 3036.6 Zirconium Tin Titanate 3066.7 Dielectric Materials in the BaO–TiO2 System 3146.8 Columbite Niobates (M2+Nb2O6) 318Acknowledgments 327References 3287. Microwave Dielectric Properties of Glasses and Bulk Glass Ceramics 345Martin Letz7.1 Glasses 3457.2 Bulk Glass Ceramics 349References 3538. High Temperature Cofired Ceramic (HTCC), Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC), and Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramic (ULTCC) Materials 355M.T. Sebastian and Heli Jantunen8.1 High Temperature Cofired Ceramics (HTCC) 3558.2 HTCC Alumina 3578.3 Aluminium Nitride HTCC 3598.4 ZrSiO4 3618.5 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) 3668.6 Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramics (ULTCC) 3958.7 Discussion and Conclusion 408References 411Index i1VOLUME IIList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix9. Voltage Tunable Microwave Dielectrics for Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 427K. Sudheendran and K.C. James Raju9.1 Introduction to Voltage Tunable Materials 4279.2 Different Classes of Voltage Tunable Materials 4289.3 Importance of Voltage Tunable Materials in Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 4329.4 Growth Techniques for Voltage Tunable Thin Films on Various Substrates 4349.5 Characterization techniques 4379.6 High-Frequency Characterization 4389.7 Design and Realization Aspects of Varactors Using Tunable Materials 4499.8 Conclusions 454Acknowledgment 454References 45410. Dielectric Inks 457J. Varghese and M.T. Sebastian10.1 Introduction 45710.2 Methodology 46110.3 Dielectric Inks and Their Properties 46210.4 Polymer-Based Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47310.5 Commercially Available Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47510.6 Conclusion 475Acknowledgment 477References 47711. Polymer–Ceramic Composites for Microwave Applications 481R. Ratheesh and M.T. Sebastian11.1 Introduction: Microwave Substrates 48111.2 Types of Polymer–Ceramic Composites 48311.3 Thermoplastic Matrix and Composites 48511.4 PTFE/Ceramic Composites 48911.5 Polyethylene–Ceramic Composites 50211.6 Polystyrene–Ceramic Composites 50711.7 Epoxy-Ceramic Composites 51011.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) 51311.9 Thermal Conductivity 51411.10 Polymer Nanoceramic Composites 51811.11 Ultrawideband Antenna Design Using Copper Cladded Ceramic-Filled PTFE Substrates 52111.12 Conclusion 526References 52712. Rubber–Ceramic Composites 537M.T. Sebastian and L.K. Namitha12.1 Introduction 53712.2 Silicone Rubber 53912.3 Butyl Rubber (BR) 55312.4 Fabrication of Flexible Microstrip Antenna 56712.5 Conclusions 570References 57013. Designing of Materials for EMI Shielding Applications 575Swati Varshney and S.K. Dhawan13.1 Electromagnetic Shielding and Microwave Absorption Mechanism 57713.2 Shielding Effectiveness (SE) 57713.3 Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness 57813.4 Electromagnetic Shielding Materials 58113.5 New Insight into Designing of Materials for Microwave Shielding 58313.6 Nanostructured Graphene/Fe3O4 Incorporated Polyaniline for EMI Shielding 58413.7 Designing of Polypyrrole–;;-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Wave Absorber 58613.8 Designing of Conducting Polymer Composite by Incorporating Ferrofluid 59013.9 Designing of Polypyrrole–Aqueous Ferrofluid (PFF) Nanocomposite Microwave Absorber 59313.10 Conclusions 596Acknowledgments 598References 59814. Microwave Ferrites and Applications 603Vincent G. Harris14.1 Introduction 60314.2 Structure, chemistry, magnetism, and gyromagnetic properties 60414.3 Ferrite Materials Processing for Microwave Applications 61114.4 Semiconductor Integration of Ferrite Thin and Thick Films for MIC Development 62014.5 Ferrite–Based Microwave Device Development 62814.6 Outlook 642References 64315. Applications of Microwave Dielectrics 653Heike Bartsch, Alexander Schulz, Jens M¨uller, Alexander Ebert, Steffen Spira, Frank Wollenschl¨ager, and Matthias Hein15.1 General Requirements for Microwave Applications 65315.2 LTCC Microwave Components and Materials 65415.3 LTCC Application Examples 666References 67616. Applications of Dielectric Resonators 683P. Mohanan and S. Mridula16.1 Introduction 68316.2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) 68416.3 Applications of Dielectric Resonator in Microwave Oscillators 69816.4 Application of Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Filters 703References 710Appendix: List of Low-Loss Ceramic Dielectric Materials and Their Properties 715M.T. SebastianIndex i1

Edited by M. T. Sebastian Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, FinlandRick Ubic Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, USAHeli Jantunen Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland

• VOLUME IList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix1. Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties and Factors Affecting Them 1M.T. Sebastian, M.A.S. Silva, and A.S.B. Sombra1.1 Introduction 11.2 Permittivity (;;r) and quality factor (Q) 21.3 Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties 71.4 Methods of Measurement 81.5 Measurement of EMI Shielding Effectiveness 291.6 Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Measurements 311.7 Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Powder Samples 341.8 Estimation of Dielectric Loss by Spectroscopic Methods 351.9 Factors Affecting Dielectric Loss 391.10 Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency 411.11 Tuning of the Resonant Frequency 42References 452. Modeling of Microwave Dielectric Properties of Composites 53Marko Tuhkala, Merja Teirikangas, and Jari Juuti2.1 Introduction 532.2 Connectivity 542.3 Electrostatic Theory 562.4 Mixing Equations 592.5 Effect of Porosity 712.6 Conclusion 77References 773. Perovskites 81K.P. Surendran and Rick Ubic3.1 Introduction 813.2 Lattice Constant Prediction 833.3 Tolerance Factor 843.4 Octahedral Tilting 863.5 Simple Perovskites 873.6 Cation Ordering 893.7 Cation Deficient Perovskites 1333.8 Summary 135References 1364. High Permittivity Materials 149Rick Ubic, G. Subodh, and M.T. Sebastian4.1 Introduction 1494.2 The BaO–Ln2O3–TiO2 System 1494.3 The Effect of Processing Parameters on Electrical Properties 1624.4 Titania 1644.5 Sr1-3x/2CexTiO3 Ceramics 1664.6 Pbn(Nb1-xTax)O5+n 1744.7 (Pb1-xCax)(Fe1/2B1/2)O3 [B = Nb, Ta] 1854.8 Ag(Nb1-xTax)O3 1874.9 Summary 190References 1905. Millimeter-Wave Materials 203Hitoshi Ohsato5.1 Introduction: New Frontiers of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2035.2 Dielectric Properties for Millimeter Wave 2075.3 Candidates of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2095.4 Specialized Study 212Acknowledgments 259References 2596. Other Important Materials 267M.T. Sebastian and R.C. Pullar6.1 Spinel 2676.2 Li2ATi3O8 (A = Mg, Zn) Ceramics 2806.3 Li2Zn3Ti4O12 2896.4 Apatites 2906.5 Alumina 3036.6 Zirconium Tin Titanate 3066.7 Dielectric Materials in the BaO–TiO2 System 3146.8 Columbite Niobates (M2+Nb2O6) 318Acknowledgments 327References 3287. Microwave Dielectric Properties of Glasses and Bulk Glass Ceramics 345Martin Letz7.1 Glasses 3457.2 Bulk Glass Ceramics 349References 3538. High Temperature Cofired Ceramic (HTCC), Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC), and Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramic (ULTCC) Materials 355M.T. Sebastian and Heli Jantunen8.1 High Temperature Cofired Ceramics (HTCC) 3558.2 HTCC Alumina 3578.3 Aluminium Nitride HTCC 3598.4 ZrSiO4 3618.5 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) 3668.6 Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramics (ULTCC) 3958.7 Discussion and Conclusion 408References 411Index i1VOLUME IIList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix9. Voltage Tunable Microwave Dielectrics for Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 427K. Sudheendran and K.C. James Raju9.1 Introduction to Voltage Tunable Materials 4279.2 Different Classes of Voltage Tunable Materials 4289.3 Importance of Voltage Tunable Materials in Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 4329.4 Growth Techniques for Voltage Tunable Thin Films on Various Substrates 4349.5 Characterization techniques 4379.6 High-Frequency Characterization 4389.7 Design and Realization Aspects of Varactors Using Tunable Materials 4499.8 Conclusions 454Acknowledgment 454References 45410. Dielectric Inks 457J. Varghese and M.T. Sebastian10.1 Introduction 45710.2 Methodology 46110.3 Dielectric Inks and Their Properties 46210.4 Polymer-Based Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47310.5 Commercially Available Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47510.6 Conclusion 475Acknowledgment 477References 47711. Polymer–Ceramic Composites for Microwave Applications 481R. Ratheesh and M.T. Sebastian11.1 Introduction: Microwave Substrates 48111.2 Types of Polymer–Ceramic Composites 48311.3 Thermoplastic Matrix and Composites 48511.4 PTFE/Ceramic Composites 48911.5 Polyethylene–Ceramic Composites 50211.6 Polystyrene–Ceramic Composites 50711.7 Epoxy-Ceramic Composites 51011.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) 51311.9 Thermal Conductivity 51411.10 Polymer Nanoceramic Composites 51811.11 Ultrawideband Antenna Design Using Copper Cladded Ceramic-Filled PTFE Substrates 52111.12 Conclusion 526References 52712. Rubber–Ceramic Composites 537M.T. Sebastian and L.K. Namitha12.1 Introduction 53712.2 Silicone Rubber 53912.3 Butyl Rubber (BR) 55312.4 Fabrication of Flexible Microstrip Antenna 56712.5 Conclusions 570References 57013. Designing of Materials for EMI Shielding Applications 575Swati Varshney and S.K. Dhawan13.1 Electromagnetic Shielding and Microwave Absorption Mechanism 57713.2 Shielding Effectiveness (SE) 57713.3 Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness 57813.4 Electromagnetic Shielding Materials 58113.5 New Insight into Designing of Materials for Microwave Shielding 58313.6 Nanostructured Graphene/Fe3O4 Incorporated Polyaniline for EMI Shielding 58413.7 Designing of Polypyrrole–;;-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Wave Absorber 58613.8 Designing of Conducting Polymer Composite by Incorporating Ferrofluid 59013.9 Designing of Polypyrrole–Aqueous Ferrofluid (PFF) Nanocomposite Microwave Absorber 59313.10 Conclusions 596Acknowledgments 598References 59814. Microwave Ferrites and Applications 603Vincent G. Harris14.1 Introduction 60314.2 Structure, chemistry, magnetism, and gyromagnetic properties 60414.3 Ferrite Materials Processing for Microwave Applications 61114.4 Semiconductor Integration of Ferrite Thin and Thick Films for MIC Development 62014.5 Ferrite–Based Microwave Device Development 62814.6 Outlook 642References 64315. Applications of Microwave Dielectrics 653Heike Bartsch, Alexander Schulz, Jens M¨uller, Alexander Ebert, Steffen Spira, Frank Wollenschl¨ager, and Matthias Hein15.1 General Requirements for Microwave Applications 65315.2 LTCC Microwave Components and Materials 65415.3 LTCC Application Examples 666References 67616. Applications of Dielectric Resonators 683P. Mohanan and S. Mridula16.1 Introduction 68316.2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) 68416.3 Applications of Dielectric Resonator in Microwave Oscillators 69816.4 Application of Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Filters 703References 710Appendix: List of Low-Loss Ceramic Dielectric Materials and Their Properties 715M.T. SebastianIndex i1

Edited by M. T. Sebastian Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, FinlandRick Ubic Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, USAHeli Jantunen Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland

• VOLUME IList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix1. Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties and Factors Affecting Them 1M.T. Sebastian, M.A.S. Silva, and A.S.B. Sombra1.1 Introduction 11.2 Permittivity (;;r) and quality factor (Q) 21.3 Measurement of Microwave Dielectric Properties 71.4 Methods of Measurement 81.5 Measurement of EMI Shielding Effectiveness 291.6 Terahertz and Millimeter Wave Measurements 311.7 Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Powder Samples 341.8 Estimation of Dielectric Loss by Spectroscopic Methods 351.9 Factors Affecting Dielectric Loss 391.10 Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Resonant Frequency 411.11 Tuning of the Resonant Frequency 42References 452. Modeling of Microwave Dielectric Properties of Composites 53Marko Tuhkala, Merja Teirikangas, and Jari Juuti2.1 Introduction 532.2 Connectivity 542.3 Electrostatic Theory 562.4 Mixing Equations 592.5 Effect of Porosity 712.6 Conclusion 77References 773. Perovskites 81K.P. Surendran and Rick Ubic3.1 Introduction 813.2 Lattice Constant Prediction 833.3 Tolerance Factor 843.4 Octahedral Tilting 863.5 Simple Perovskites 873.6 Cation Ordering 893.7 Cation Deficient Perovskites 1333.8 Summary 135References 1364. High Permittivity Materials 149Rick Ubic, G. Subodh, and M.T. Sebastian4.1 Introduction 1494.2 The BaO–Ln2O3–TiO2 System 1494.3 The Effect of Processing Parameters on Electrical Properties 1624.4 Titania 1644.5 Sr1-3x/2CexTiO3 Ceramics 1664.6 Pbn(Nb1-xTax)O5+n 1744.7 (Pb1-xCax)(Fe1/2B1/2)O3 [B = Nb, Ta] 1854.8 Ag(Nb1-xTax)O3 1874.9 Summary 190References 1905. Millimeter-Wave Materials 203Hitoshi Ohsato5.1 Introduction: New Frontiers of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2035.2 Dielectric Properties for Millimeter Wave 2075.3 Candidates of Millimeter-Wave Dielectrics 2095.4 Specialized Study 212Acknowledgments 259References 2596. Other Important Materials 267M.T. Sebastian and R.C. Pullar6.1 Spinel 2676.2 Li2ATi3O8 (A = Mg, Zn) Ceramics 2806.3 Li2Zn3Ti4O12 2896.4 Apatites 2906.5 Alumina 3036.6 Zirconium Tin Titanate 3066.7 Dielectric Materials in the BaO–TiO2 System 3146.8 Columbite Niobates (M2+Nb2O6) 318Acknowledgments 327References 3287. Microwave Dielectric Properties of Glasses and Bulk Glass Ceramics 345Martin Letz7.1 Glasses 3457.2 Bulk Glass Ceramics 349References 3538. High Temperature Cofired Ceramic (HTCC), Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC), and Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramic (ULTCC) Materials 355M.T. Sebastian and Heli Jantunen8.1 High Temperature Cofired Ceramics (HTCC) 3558.2 HTCC Alumina 3578.3 Aluminium Nitride HTCC 3598.4 ZrSiO4 3618.5 Low Temperature Cofired Ceramics (LTCC) 3668.6 Ultralow Temperature Cofired Ceramics (ULTCC) 3958.7 Discussion and Conclusion 408References 411Index i1VOLUME IIList of Contributors xvSeries Preface xviiPreface xix9. Voltage Tunable Microwave Dielectrics for Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 427K. Sudheendran and K.C. James Raju9.1 Introduction to Voltage Tunable Materials 4279.2 Different Classes of Voltage Tunable Materials 4289.3 Importance of Voltage Tunable Materials in Frequency and Phase Agile Devices 4329.4 Growth Techniques for Voltage Tunable Thin Films on Various Substrates 4349.5 Characterization techniques 4379.6 High-Frequency Characterization 4389.7 Design and Realization Aspects of Varactors Using Tunable Materials 4499.8 Conclusions 454Acknowledgment 454References 45410. Dielectric Inks 457J. Varghese and M.T. Sebastian10.1 Introduction 45710.2 Methodology 46110.3 Dielectric Inks and Their Properties 46210.4 Polymer-Based Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47310.5 Commercially Available Dielectric Inks, Properties and Applications 47510.6 Conclusion 475Acknowledgment 477References 47711. Polymer–Ceramic Composites for Microwave Applications 481R. Ratheesh and M.T. Sebastian11.1 Introduction: Microwave Substrates 48111.2 Types of Polymer–Ceramic Composites 48311.3 Thermoplastic Matrix and Composites 48511.4 PTFE/Ceramic Composites 48911.5 Polyethylene–Ceramic Composites 50211.6 Polystyrene–Ceramic Composites 50711.7 Epoxy-Ceramic Composites 51011.8 Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) 51311.9 Thermal Conductivity 51411.10 Polymer Nanoceramic Composites 51811.11 Ultrawideband Antenna Design Using Copper Cladded Ceramic-Filled PTFE Substrates 52111.12 Conclusion 526References 52712. Rubber–Ceramic Composites 537M.T. Sebastian and L.K. Namitha12.1 Introduction 53712.2 Silicone Rubber 53912.3 Butyl Rubber (BR) 55312.4 Fabrication of Flexible Microstrip Antenna 56712.5 Conclusions 570References 57013. Designing of Materials for EMI Shielding Applications 575Swati Varshney and S.K. Dhawan13.1 Electromagnetic Shielding and Microwave Absorption Mechanism 57713.2 Shielding Effectiveness (SE) 57713.3 Measurement of Shielding Effectiveness 57813.4 Electromagnetic Shielding Materials 58113.5 New Insight into Designing of Materials for Microwave Shielding 58313.6 Nanostructured Graphene/Fe3O4 Incorporated Polyaniline for EMI Shielding 58413.7 Designing of Polypyrrole–;;-Fe2O3 Nanocomposite Wave Absorber 58613.8 Designing of Conducting Polymer Composite by Incorporating Ferrofluid 59013.9 Designing of Polypyrrole–Aqueous Ferrofluid (PFF) Nanocomposite Microwave Absorber 59313.10 Conclusions 596Acknowledgments 598References 59814. Microwave Ferrites and Applications 603Vincent G. Harris14.1 Introduction 60314.2 Structure, chemistry, magnetism, and gyromagnetic properties 60414.3 Ferrite Materials Processing for Microwave Applications 61114.4 Semiconductor Integration of Ferrite Thin and Thick Films for MIC Development 62014.5 Ferrite–Based Microwave Device Development 62814.6 Outlook 642References 64315. Applications of Microwave Dielectrics 653Heike Bartsch, Alexander Schulz, Jens M¨uller, Alexander Ebert, Steffen Spira, Frank Wollenschl¨ager, and Matthias Hein15.1 General Requirements for Microwave Applications 65315.2 LTCC Microwave Components and Materials 65415.3 LTCC Application Examples 666References 67616. Applications of Dielectric Resonators 683P. Mohanan and S. Mridula16.1 Introduction 68316.2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) 68416.3 Applications of Dielectric Resonator in Microwave Oscillators 69816.4 Application of Dielectric Resonators in Microwave Filters 703References 710Appendix: List of Low-Loss Ceramic Dielectric Materials and Their Properties 715M.T. SebastianIndex i1