Computing with Multi-Value Logic in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, PhD, is a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Reza Akbari-Hasanjani, PhD, is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Leila Dehbozorgi is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Majid Haghparast is affiliated with the Faculty of Information Technology at the University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. Hamid Reza Akbari-Hasanjani, PhD, is with the School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.

• List of Figures xiList of Tables xviiAbout the Authors xxiPreface xxiiiIntroduction xxv1 Quantum Dots 11.1 Introduction to Quantum Dots 11.2 Physical Characteristics of Semiconductor Quantum Dots 21.3 Quantum Dots Structure 31.4 Surface Structure of Quantum Dots 71.5 Properties of Quantum Dots 102 Synthesis Methods of Quantum Dots and Applications 152.1 Synthesis Processes 152.2 Top-Down Synthesis Processes 152.3 Bottom-Up Synthesis Processes 172.4 Applications of Quantum Dots 193 Overview of QCA 233.1 Introduction to QCA Technology 233.2 Binary QCA Concept 243.3 Ternary QCA Cell Structure 243.4 Clock in QCA Technology 253.5 Manufacturing and Implementation of QCA 263.6 Overview of Quantum Gates 264 Polarization and Polarization Calculations in QCA (Quantum Calculations in QCA) 334.1 Introduction 334.2 Polarization and Calculation of Hamiltonian Matrix in QCA 335 Multi-Valued Cells Based on Polarization Calculations 595.1 Ternary QCA 595.2 Quaternary QCA 625.3 Quinary QCA 725.4 Hypothesis Based on n-Value QCA Cell 825.5 Fuzzy Logic Design Using MIN and MAX Functions 845.6 Quantum Information 876 Effect of Polarization for Two Adjacent Cells and Power Consumption in Multi-Valued Cells 916.1 Effect of Two Adjacent Cells in Terms of Polarization 916.2 Power Consumption in QCA Technology 957 Structure of Basic Gates Using the Proposed Cells in Multi-Value QCA 1017.1 Structure of Basic Gates Using TQCA 1017.2 Structure of Basic QQCA Gates 1057.3 Structure of Basic Gates Using QuQCA 1118 Implementation of Ternary and Quaternary Basic Gates Using QQCASim and TQCASim 1198.1 TQCA Simulator 1208.2 QQCA Simulator for QQCA Circuit Simulation 1259 A Review of Literature on Memory Structures 1359.1 Introduction 1359.2 A Review of Basic Memory Structures 1369.3 Review of Literature on Memory Design 13810 Proposed PIM Cells and Their Fault Analysis in Binary QCA 14110.1 Introduction 14110.2 Binary QCA-Based Structures 14310.3 Fault Analysis 14711 Design Details of Binary Boolean Operators Using Basic PIM Cells: Proposing and Analyzing Basic-Extended Hypothesis 15711.1 Introduction 15711.2 Basic-Extended Hypothesis 15711.3 Designing Logic Gates with Binary QCA-Based PIM Capability 15712 Proposed PIM Cells in Ternary QCA and Their Fault Analysis 17312.1 Introduction 17312.2 Simulation of a Flip-Flop in Ternary QCA Using MATLAB 17312.3 Structures in Ternary QCA 17412.4 Fault Analysis 18113 Design Details of Ternary Boolean Operators Using Basic PIM Cells and Analysis of Basic-Extended Hypothesis 18913.1 Introduction 18913.2 Designing Logic Gates With Ternary QCA-Based PIM Capability 18913.3 Evaluation, Analysis, and Comparison of Results 19614 Conclusions and Suggestions 20114.1 Introduction 20114.2 Summary and Conclusion 20114.3 Suggestions 203References 205A Matrices217A.1 Particle State Matrix in QQCA 217A.2 Particle State Matrix in QQCA 218B Electrostatic Energy Calculation 223Index 237