Learning

Stephen B. Klein is professor in the psychology department at Mississippi State University. He received a B.S. degree in psychology in 1968 from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and a Ph.D. degree in psychology in 1971 from Rutgers University. Professor Klein taught at Old Dominion University for twelve years and at Fort Hays State University for seven years prior to coming to Mississippi State University in 1990. He also served as head of the psychology department at both Mississippi State University and Fort Hays State University. Professor Klein has written numerous articles for psychological journals in the area of the biological basis of learning and memory and is the author of Motivation: Biosocial Approaches, published by McGraw-Hill in 1982; Learning: Principles and Applications, published by McGraw-Hill in 1987, 1991, 1996, and 2002; Learning: Principles and Applications published by Sage in 2009, 2012, and 2015, and Biological Psychology, published by Prentice-Hall in 2000. Dr. Klein also coauthored with B. Michael Thorne Biological Psychology, published by Worth in 2007 and coedited with Robert Mowrer the two-volume text Contemporary Learning Theories in 1989 and Handbook of Contemporary Learning Theories in 2001, both published by Lawrence Erlbaum. His family includes his wife, Marie, and five children, Dora, David, Jason, Katherine, and William. In his spare time, he enjoys sports, most passionately baseball, and science fiction, especially Star Trek and Star Wars.

"The text is very strong with respect to presenting competing theories of learning phenomena. It is one of the best I’ve read in this regard."

• PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbout the AuthorChapter 1. An Introduction to LearningThe Gift of KnowledgeA Definition of LearningFunctionalismBehaviorismThorndikePavlovWatsonThe Ethics of Conducting ResearchCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 2. The Modification of Instinctive BehaviorIf Only This TimeThe Instinctive Basis of BehaviorHabituation and SensitizationDishabituationLearning in the Aplysia CalifornicaOpponent-Process TheoryThe Addictive ProcessCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 3. Principles and Applications of Pavlovian ConditioningA Lingering FearPrinciples of Pavlovian ConditioningTemporal Relationships Between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned StimulusConditions Affecting the Acquisition of a Conditioned ResponseExtinction of the Conditioned ResponseOther Inhibitory ProcessesA Conditioned Response Without Conditioned Stimulus– Unconditioned Stimulus PairingsApplications of Pavlovian ConditioningCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 4. Theories of Pavlovian ConditioningHe Never Saw It ComingThe Nature of the Conditioned ResponseStimulus-Substitution TheoryThe Conditioning of an Opponent ResponseSometimes-Opponent-Process TheoryThe Nature of the Pavlovian Conditioning ProcessRescorla–Wagner Associative ModelThe Unconditioned Stimulus Preexposure EffectThe Potentiation of a Conditioned ResponseThe Conditioned Stimulus Preexposure EffectThe Cue Deflation EffectThe Importance of Within-Compound AssociationsA Comparator Theory of Pavlovian ConditioningMackintosh’s Attentional ViewThe Retrospective Processing ViewCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 5. Principles and Applications of Appetitive ConditioningA Loss of ControlThe Legacy of B. F. SkinnerInstrumental and Operant ConditioningTypes of ReinforcementShapingSchedules of ReinforcementHow Readily Is an Instrumental or Operant Response Learned?Extinction of an Instrumental or Operant ResponsePartial Reinforcement and Resistance to ExtinctionContingency ManagementCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 6. Principles and Applications of Aversive ConditioningA Good SpankingPrinciples of Aversive ConditioningEscape ConditioningVicious Circle BehaviorThe Avoidance of Aversive EventsPunishmentTypes of PunishmentThe Effectiveness of PunishmentThe Negative Consequences of PunishmentApplications of Aversive ConditioningThe Ethical Use of PunishmentCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 7. Theories of Appetitive and Aversive ConditioningA Lack of Self-ControlThe Nature of ReinforcementProbability-Differential TheoryApplication: The Use of Activity ReinforcementResponse Deprivation TheoryPrinciples of Behavioral EconomicsThe Pain of FailureThe Nature of Avoidance LearningThe Nature of PunishmentCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 8. Biological Influences on LearningA Nauseating ExperienceGenerality of the Laws of LearningA Behavior Systems ApproachAnimal MisbehaviorSchedule-Induced BehaviorFlavor Aversion LearningFlavor Preference LearningImprintingThe Avoidance of Aversive EventsThe Biology of ReinforcementCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 9. Traditional Learning TheoriesThe Oldies But GoodiesTraditional Learning TheoriesHull’s Associative TheoryAn Evaluation of Associative TheorySpence’s Acquired Motive ApproachGuthrie’s Contiguity ViewAn Evaluation of Contiguity TheoryTolman’s Purposive BehaviorismAn Evaluation of Purposive BehaviorismCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 10. Stimulus Control of BehaviorA Disappointing ReviewThe Stimulus Generalization ProcessDiscrimination LearningBehavioral ContrastOccasion SettingHull–Spence Theory of Discrimination LearningErrorless Discrimination TrainingThe Transposition EffectSutherland and Mackintosh’s Attentional ViewContinuity Versus NoncontinuityCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 11. Cognitive Control of BehaviorThe Insurmountable BarrierTolman’s Purposive BehaviorismA Mental Representation of EventsThe Importance of HabitsLearned HelplessnessHopelessness Theory of DepressionThe Neuroscience of Learned HelplessnessA Cognitive View of Phobic BehaviorConcept LearningCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 12. The Storage of Our ExperiencesA Fleeting ExperienceMeasures of MemoryA Three-Stage View of Memory StorageSensory RegisterShort-Term StoreA Rehearsal Systems ApproachLong-Term StoreThe Neuroscience of Memory StorageCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsChapter 13. Memory Retrieval and ForgettingA Look Into the PastMemory RetrievalHow Quickly We ForgetInterferenceReconstruction of the PastFalse Memory SyndromeMotivated ForgettingThe Neuroscience of Memory RetrievalApplication: MnemonicsCritical Thinking QuestionsKey TermsGlossaryReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index