Francine Krief, Professor, General Deputy Director of Bordeaux Institute of Technology, FranceFrancine Krief is Deputy Director General in charge of Research at IPB (Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux). She is a Professor at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory, UMR 5800. Francine Krief obtained the HDR degree (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) at University of Paris 6 on context-aware management, in December 2003. Her main research activities concern self-management for wired and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and wireless sensors networks. Her work on network management has led to many publications in journals and conferences.

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• Introduction xiChapter 1. Environmental Impact of Networking Infrastructures 1Laurent LEFÈVRE and Jean-Marc PIERSON1.1. Introduction 11.2. Some definitions and metrics 51.3. State of the sites of consumption of the networks: the case of wired networks 71.4. Academic and industrial initiatives 111.5. Perspectives and reflections on the future 131.6. Bibliography 13PART 1. A STEP TOWARDS ENERGY-EFFICIENT NETWORKS 17Chapter 2. A Step Towards Energy-efficient Wired Networks 19Aruna Prem BIANZINO, Claude CHAUDET, Dario ROSSI and Jean-Louis ROUGIER2.1. Introduction 192.2. Models of energy consumption 222.3. Energy-saving strategies 272.3.1. Transport applications and protocols 272.3.2. Communications links 312.4. The problem of energy-efficient routing 372.4.1. Model of energy consumption. 372.4.2. Formulation of the problem 392.4.3. Experimental results 412.5. Conclusion 512.6. Bibliography52Chapter 3. A Step Towards Green Mobile Networks 59Sami TABBANE3.1. Introduction 593.1.1. Decreasing power: an imperative in a cellular radio network 603.1.2. Definition of and need for green cellular 603.2. Processes and protocols for green networks 633.2.1. Technologies on the radio interface 643.2.2. Adaptation of network activity to traffic 663.2.3. Traffic aggregation based on the delay673.2.4. Store, carry and forward relaying 683.2.5. Combination of MS and BTS 683.2.6. Handover for optimization of the energy used 693.2.7. Cooperation between base transceiver stations 703.2.8. Increasing the capacity of the RAN and network core nodes 703.3. Architecture and engineering of green networks 713.3.1. Relaying and multi-hopping 713.3.2. Self-organizing networks (SONs) 733.3.3. Planning.743.3.4. Microcells and multi-RAT networks 753.3.5. A step towards all-IP and flat architecture 773.3.6. Reducing the number of sites by using smart antennas 773.3.7. Cooperation between BTSs 783.4. Components and structures for green networks 793.4.1. Power-efficient amplifiers 803.4.2. Elimination of feeders, use of fiber optics 813.4.3. Solar and wind power 813.4.4. Twin TRX823.4.5. Cooling823.5. Conclusion 833.6. Bibliography83Chapter 4. Green Telecommunications Networks 87Guy PUJOLLE4.1. Introduction 874.2. Data centers 894.3. Wireless telecommunications networks. 924.4. Terrestrial telecommunications networks994.5. Low-cost and energy-efficient networks.1054.6. The role of virtualization in “green” techniques 1094.7. Conclusion 1124.8. Bibliography 113PART 2. A STEP TOWARDS SMART GREEN NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE TERMINALS 115Chapter 5. Cognitive Radio in the Service of Green Communication and Networking 117Hicham KHALIFÉ5.1. Introduction 1175.2. Cognitive radio: concept and standards 1205.2.1. Attempts at standardization1215.2.2. Research projects and initiatives. 1225.3. Various definitions of green in cognitive radio 1245.3.1. Reducing the pollution of the radio spectrum 1255.3.2. Reducing the exposure of individuals 1265.3.3. Reducing the consumption of the equipment 1265.4. Clean solutions offered by cognitive radio 1265.4.1. Solutions for the spectrum and health 1275.4.2. Actions at the level of equipment/infrastructure 1275.4.3. Optimizing the communication parameters 1295.4.4. Avenues for research and visions for the future 1325.5. Use case: “Smart buildings” 1355.6. Conclusion 1385.7. Bibliography 138Chapter 6. Autonomic Green Networks. 141Francine KRIEF, Maïssa MBAYE and Martin PERES6.1. Introduction 1416.2. Autonomic networks 1426.3. Self-configuring 1446.3.1. Importance of self-configuring for green networks 1456.4. Self-optimizing 1456.4.1. Self-optimizing for green networks 1476.5. Self-protecting 1526.5.1. Protection of the executive support 1546.5.2. Protection of the energy source 1586.5.3. Protection of communications. 1626.6. Self-healing1656.6.1. Application to wireless sensor networks 1676.6.2. Application to smart grids 1706.7. Conclusion 1706.8. Bibliography 171Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Green Terminals: a Step Towards Sustainable Electronics 177Lilian BOSSUET7.1. Sustainable electronics? 1777.2. Environmental impact of electronic products during their lifecycle 1817.2.1. Lifecycle of electronic products 1817.2.2. Microelectronic manufacture 1837.2.3. Usage of electronic products 1917.2.4. Electronic waste products 1927.3. Reduce, reuse, recycle and reconfigure 1937.3.1. Reduce, reuse, recycle 1937.3.2. Reconfiguring with the help of FPGAs1967.4. Examples of reconfigurable terminals 2047.5. Conclusion 2087.6. Bibliography 209PART 3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON GREEN NETWORKING CONDUCTED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTORS 215Chapter 8. Schemes for Putting Base Stations in Sleep Mode in Mobile Networks: Presentation and Evaluation 217Louai SAKER, Salah Eddine ELAYOUBI and Tijani CHAHED8.1. Motivation 2178.2. Putting macro base transceiver stations in sleep mode 2188.2.1. Structure of the base transceiver station 2188.2.2. Model of energy consumption of the BTS 2198.2.3. Principle of putting BTSs in sleep mode 2208.2.4. Illustration of sleep mode. Case of multisystem 2G/3G networks 2218.2.5. Implementation of sleep mode 2238.3. Sleep mode in small-cell heterogeneous networks 2258.3.1. Energy efficiency of small cells 2278.3.2. Putting small cells in sleep mode 2298.4. Conclusion and considerations on implementation 2318.5. Bibliography 232Chapter 9. Industrial Application of Green Networking: Smarter Cities 233Vincent GAY, Paolo MEDAGLIANI, Florian BROEKAERT, Jérémie LEGUAY and Mario LOPEZ RAMOS9.1. Introduction 2339.2. Smart cities and green networking 2349.3. Techniques involved 2379.3.1. Low-consumption communication protocols 2379.3.2. Assistance in the deployment of sensor networks 2429.3.3. Low-consumption processor treatments 2499.3.4. System integration of heterogeneous sensors 2589.4. Conclusion 2669.5. Bibliography 267List of Authors 271Index 275

Francine Krief, Professor, General Deputy Director of Bordeaux Institute of Technology, FranceFrancine Krief is Deputy Director General in charge of Research at IPB (Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux). She is a Professor at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory, UMR 5800. Francine Krief obtained the HDR degree (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) at University of Paris 6 on context-aware management, in December 2003. Her main research activities concern self-management for wired and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and wireless sensors networks. Her work on network management has led to many publications in journals and conferences.

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• Introduction xiChapter 1. Environmental Impact of Networking Infrastructures 1Laurent LEFÈVRE and Jean-Marc PIERSON1.1. Introduction 11.2. Some definitions and metrics 51.3. State of the sites of consumption of the networks: the case of wired networks 71.4. Academic and industrial initiatives 111.5. Perspectives and reflections on the future 131.6. Bibliography 13PART 1. A STEP TOWARDS ENERGY-EFFICIENT NETWORKS 17Chapter 2. A Step Towards Energy-efficient Wired Networks 19Aruna Prem BIANZINO, Claude CHAUDET, Dario ROSSI and Jean-Louis ROUGIER2.1. Introduction 192.2. Models of energy consumption 222.3. Energy-saving strategies 272.3.1. Transport applications and protocols 272.3.2. Communications links 312.4. The problem of energy-efficient routing 372.4.1. Model of energy consumption. 372.4.2. Formulation of the problem 392.4.3. Experimental results 412.5. Conclusion 512.6. Bibliography52Chapter 3. A Step Towards Green Mobile Networks 59Sami TABBANE3.1. Introduction 593.1.1. Decreasing power: an imperative in a cellular radio network 603.1.2. Definition of and need for green cellular 603.2. Processes and protocols for green networks 633.2.1. Technologies on the radio interface 643.2.2. Adaptation of network activity to traffic 663.2.3. Traffic aggregation based on the delay673.2.4. Store, carry and forward relaying 683.2.5. Combination of MS and BTS 683.2.6. Handover for optimization of the energy used 693.2.7. Cooperation between base transceiver stations 703.2.8. Increasing the capacity of the RAN and network core nodes 703.3. Architecture and engineering of green networks 713.3.1. Relaying and multi-hopping 713.3.2. Self-organizing networks (SONs) 733.3.3. Planning.743.3.4. Microcells and multi-RAT networks 753.3.5. A step towards all-IP and flat architecture 773.3.6. Reducing the number of sites by using smart antennas 773.3.7. Cooperation between BTSs 783.4. Components and structures for green networks 793.4.1. Power-efficient amplifiers 803.4.2. Elimination of feeders, use of fiber optics 813.4.3. Solar and wind power 813.4.4. Twin TRX823.4.5. Cooling823.5. Conclusion 833.6. Bibliography83Chapter 4. Green Telecommunications Networks 87Guy PUJOLLE4.1. Introduction 874.2. Data centers 894.3. Wireless telecommunications networks. 924.4. Terrestrial telecommunications networks994.5. Low-cost and energy-efficient networks.1054.6. The role of virtualization in “green” techniques 1094.7. Conclusion 1124.8. Bibliography 113PART 2. A STEP TOWARDS SMART GREEN NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE TERMINALS 115Chapter 5. Cognitive Radio in the Service of Green Communication and Networking 117Hicham KHALIFÉ5.1. Introduction 1175.2. Cognitive radio: concept and standards 1205.2.1. Attempts at standardization1215.2.2. Research projects and initiatives. 1225.3. Various definitions of green in cognitive radio 1245.3.1. Reducing the pollution of the radio spectrum 1255.3.2. Reducing the exposure of individuals 1265.3.3. Reducing the consumption of the equipment 1265.4. Clean solutions offered by cognitive radio 1265.4.1. Solutions for the spectrum and health 1275.4.2. Actions at the level of equipment/infrastructure 1275.4.3. Optimizing the communication parameters 1295.4.4. Avenues for research and visions for the future 1325.5. Use case: “Smart buildings” 1355.6. Conclusion 1385.7. Bibliography 138Chapter 6. Autonomic Green Networks. 141Francine KRIEF, Maïssa MBAYE and Martin PERES6.1. Introduction 1416.2. Autonomic networks 1426.3. Self-configuring 1446.3.1. Importance of self-configuring for green networks 1456.4. Self-optimizing 1456.4.1. Self-optimizing for green networks 1476.5. Self-protecting 1526.5.1. Protection of the executive support 1546.5.2. Protection of the energy source 1586.5.3. Protection of communications. 1626.6. Self-healing1656.6.1. Application to wireless sensor networks 1676.6.2. Application to smart grids 1706.7. Conclusion 1706.8. Bibliography 171Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Green Terminals: a Step Towards Sustainable Electronics 177Lilian BOSSUET7.1. Sustainable electronics? 1777.2. Environmental impact of electronic products during their lifecycle 1817.2.1. Lifecycle of electronic products 1817.2.2. Microelectronic manufacture 1837.2.3. Usage of electronic products 1917.2.4. Electronic waste products 1927.3. Reduce, reuse, recycle and reconfigure 1937.3.1. Reduce, reuse, recycle 1937.3.2. Reconfiguring with the help of FPGAs1967.4. Examples of reconfigurable terminals 2047.5. Conclusion 2087.6. Bibliography 209PART 3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON GREEN NETWORKING CONDUCTED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTORS 215Chapter 8. Schemes for Putting Base Stations in Sleep Mode in Mobile Networks: Presentation and Evaluation 217Louai SAKER, Salah Eddine ELAYOUBI and Tijani CHAHED8.1. Motivation 2178.2. Putting macro base transceiver stations in sleep mode 2188.2.1. Structure of the base transceiver station 2188.2.2. Model of energy consumption of the BTS 2198.2.3. Principle of putting BTSs in sleep mode 2208.2.4. Illustration of sleep mode. Case of multisystem 2G/3G networks 2218.2.5. Implementation of sleep mode 2238.3. Sleep mode in small-cell heterogeneous networks 2258.3.1. Energy efficiency of small cells 2278.3.2. Putting small cells in sleep mode 2298.4. Conclusion and considerations on implementation 2318.5. Bibliography 232Chapter 9. Industrial Application of Green Networking: Smarter Cities 233Vincent GAY, Paolo MEDAGLIANI, Florian BROEKAERT, Jérémie LEGUAY and Mario LOPEZ RAMOS9.1. Introduction 2339.2. Smart cities and green networking 2349.3. Techniques involved 2379.3.1. Low-consumption communication protocols 2379.3.2. Assistance in the deployment of sensor networks 2429.3.3. Low-consumption processor treatments 2499.3.4. System integration of heterogeneous sensors 2589.4. Conclusion 2669.5. Bibliography 267List of Authors 271Index 275

Francine Krief, Professor, General Deputy Director of Bordeaux Institute of Technology, FranceFrancine Krief is Deputy Director General in charge of Research at IPB (Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux). She is a Professor at CNRS LaBRI Laboratory, UMR 5800. Francine Krief obtained the HDR degree (Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches) at University of Paris 6 on context-aware management, in December 2003. Her main research activities concern self-management for wired and wireless networks, end-to-end signaling protocols and wireless sensors networks. Her work on network management has led to many publications in journals and conferences.

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• Introduction xiChapter 1. Environmental Impact of Networking Infrastructures 1Laurent LEFÈVRE and Jean-Marc PIERSON1.1. Introduction 11.2. Some definitions and metrics 51.3. State of the sites of consumption of the networks: the case of wired networks 71.4. Academic and industrial initiatives 111.5. Perspectives and reflections on the future 131.6. Bibliography 13PART 1. A STEP TOWARDS ENERGY-EFFICIENT NETWORKS 17Chapter 2. A Step Towards Energy-efficient Wired Networks 19Aruna Prem BIANZINO, Claude CHAUDET, Dario ROSSI and Jean-Louis ROUGIER2.1. Introduction 192.2. Models of energy consumption 222.3. Energy-saving strategies 272.3.1. Transport applications and protocols 272.3.2. Communications links 312.4. The problem of energy-efficient routing 372.4.1. Model of energy consumption. 372.4.2. Formulation of the problem 392.4.3. Experimental results 412.5. Conclusion 512.6. Bibliography52Chapter 3. A Step Towards Green Mobile Networks 59Sami TABBANE3.1. Introduction 593.1.1. Decreasing power: an imperative in a cellular radio network 603.1.2. Definition of and need for green cellular 603.2. Processes and protocols for green networks 633.2.1. Technologies on the radio interface 643.2.2. Adaptation of network activity to traffic 663.2.3. Traffic aggregation based on the delay673.2.4. Store, carry and forward relaying 683.2.5. Combination of MS and BTS 683.2.6. Handover for optimization of the energy used 693.2.7. Cooperation between base transceiver stations 703.2.8. Increasing the capacity of the RAN and network core nodes 703.3. Architecture and engineering of green networks 713.3.1. Relaying and multi-hopping 713.3.2. Self-organizing networks (SONs) 733.3.3. Planning.743.3.4. Microcells and multi-RAT networks 753.3.5. A step towards all-IP and flat architecture 773.3.6. Reducing the number of sites by using smart antennas 773.3.7. Cooperation between BTSs 783.4. Components and structures for green networks 793.4.1. Power-efficient amplifiers 803.4.2. Elimination of feeders, use of fiber optics 813.4.3. Solar and wind power 813.4.4. Twin TRX823.4.5. Cooling823.5. Conclusion 833.6. Bibliography83Chapter 4. Green Telecommunications Networks 87Guy PUJOLLE4.1. Introduction 874.2. Data centers 894.3. Wireless telecommunications networks. 924.4. Terrestrial telecommunications networks994.5. Low-cost and energy-efficient networks.1054.6. The role of virtualization in “green” techniques 1094.7. Conclusion 1124.8. Bibliography 113PART 2. A STEP TOWARDS SMART GREEN NETWORKS AND SUSTAINABLE TERMINALS 115Chapter 5. Cognitive Radio in the Service of Green Communication and Networking 117Hicham KHALIFÉ5.1. Introduction 1175.2. Cognitive radio: concept and standards 1205.2.1. Attempts at standardization1215.2.2. Research projects and initiatives. 1225.3. Various definitions of green in cognitive radio 1245.3.1. Reducing the pollution of the radio spectrum 1255.3.2. Reducing the exposure of individuals 1265.3.3. Reducing the consumption of the equipment 1265.4. Clean solutions offered by cognitive radio 1265.4.1. Solutions for the spectrum and health 1275.4.2. Actions at the level of equipment/infrastructure 1275.4.3. Optimizing the communication parameters 1295.4.4. Avenues for research and visions for the future 1325.5. Use case: “Smart buildings” 1355.6. Conclusion 1385.7. Bibliography 138Chapter 6. Autonomic Green Networks. 141Francine KRIEF, Maïssa MBAYE and Martin PERES6.1. Introduction 1416.2. Autonomic networks 1426.3. Self-configuring 1446.3.1. Importance of self-configuring for green networks 1456.4. Self-optimizing 1456.4.1. Self-optimizing for green networks 1476.5. Self-protecting 1526.5.1. Protection of the executive support 1546.5.2. Protection of the energy source 1586.5.3. Protection of communications. 1626.6. Self-healing1656.6.1. Application to wireless sensor networks 1676.6.2. Application to smart grids 1706.7. Conclusion 1706.8. Bibliography 171Chapter 7. Reconfigurable Green Terminals: a Step Towards Sustainable Electronics 177Lilian BOSSUET7.1. Sustainable electronics? 1777.2. Environmental impact of electronic products during their lifecycle 1817.2.1. Lifecycle of electronic products 1817.2.2. Microelectronic manufacture 1837.2.3. Usage of electronic products 1917.2.4. Electronic waste products 1927.3. Reduce, reuse, recycle and reconfigure 1937.3.1. Reduce, reuse, recycle 1937.3.2. Reconfiguring with the help of FPGAs1967.4. Examples of reconfigurable terminals 2047.5. Conclusion 2087.6. Bibliography 209PART 3. RESEARCH PROJECTS ON GREEN NETWORKING CONDUCTED BY INDUSTRIAL ACTORS 215Chapter 8. Schemes for Putting Base Stations in Sleep Mode in Mobile Networks: Presentation and Evaluation 217Louai SAKER, Salah Eddine ELAYOUBI and Tijani CHAHED8.1. Motivation 2178.2. Putting macro base transceiver stations in sleep mode 2188.2.1. Structure of the base transceiver station 2188.2.2. Model of energy consumption of the BTS 2198.2.3. Principle of putting BTSs in sleep mode 2208.2.4. Illustration of sleep mode. Case of multisystem 2G/3G networks 2218.2.5. Implementation of sleep mode 2238.3. Sleep mode in small-cell heterogeneous networks 2258.3.1. Energy efficiency of small cells 2278.3.2. Putting small cells in sleep mode 2298.4. Conclusion and considerations on implementation 2318.5. Bibliography 232Chapter 9. Industrial Application of Green Networking: Smarter Cities 233Vincent GAY, Paolo MEDAGLIANI, Florian BROEKAERT, Jérémie LEGUAY and Mario LOPEZ RAMOS9.1. Introduction 2339.2. Smart cities and green networking 2349.3. Techniques involved 2379.3.1. Low-consumption communication protocols 2379.3.2. Assistance in the deployment of sensor networks 2429.3.3. Low-consumption processor treatments 2499.3.4. System integration of heterogeneous sensors 2589.4. Conclusion 2669.5. Bibliography 267List of Authors 271Index 275