Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Concezio Di Rocco graduated from the Catholic University Medical School, Rome, where he completed his training in general Neurosurgery and in Pediatrics. In the same University he became Chairman of the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department, Policlinico Gemelli, and Director of the Institute of Neurosurgery. In 2013 he moved to Hannover, Germany, to become Director of the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department of the International Neuroscience Institute (INI) at Otto Von Guericke University. Currently, Prof. Di Rocco is in charge of the Hydrocephalus Project of the Foundation of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) and is Editor of Child’s Nervous System and the official journals of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ISPN), the European Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery (ESPN), the Latino-American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery, and national pediatric neurosurgical societies of Brazil, China, Japan, Korea, and Russia.After his initial pediatric neurosurgical training in Chicago, IL, under the guidance of Prof. Anthony J. Raimondi, at the Children’s Memorial Hospital, Prof. Di Rocco dedicated full time to pediatric neurosurgery in Italy, obtaining the first and unique chair of the specialty in the country. He also was fully engaged in the activities of the international pediatric neurosurgical community as President of the ISPN and ESPN, Vice President of the European Association of the Neurosurgical Societies, and Chairman of the Pediatric Committee and the Education Committee of the WFNS. He was awarded with the Medallion of honor of the WFNS in 2019.With Prof. Maurice Choux, Marseille, France, Prof. Di Rocco is engaged in a vast international program for education in pediatric neurosurgery, which found its more obvious evidence in the organization of Postgraduate Courses held regularly in Europe, South America, and Asia. Prof. Di Rocco published more than 430 articles in peer reviewed international neurosurgical journals. He is author or editor of several books, including Pediatric Neurosurgery, which won the First Prize – Royal Society of Authors Medical Book Awards, published by Churchill Livingstone in 1999 and Neurocutaneous Disorders: Phakomatoses and Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes (2008), European Manual of Neurosurgery (2010), Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery (2015), Craniovertebral Junction Diseases (2016), and Complications Of Csf Shunting In Hydrocephalus: Prevention, Identification, and Management (2016), all published by Springer Verlag.Dachling Pang graduated with a B.Sc. and the Highest Honors Medal in Physiology and Biophysics at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, before entering medical school at the University of Toronto, where he obtained his M.D. in 1972. He completed his residencies in General Surgery and Neurosurgery in 1977 at Toronto and then a fellowship in Pediatric Neurosurgery at the Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto in 1978.Dr. Pang holds specialist certi ficates in pediatric neurosurgery from the American Board of Neurological Surgeons and the American Board of Pediatric Neurosurgeons, the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and the Royal College of Surgeons of Canada and has been elected Fellow by the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Canada and the United Kingdom and the American College of Surgeons.Dr. Pang joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh as Assistant Professor of Pediatric Neurosurgery in 1979 and became Professor and Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Children ’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh in 1987. He served there till 1993, when he moved to be Professor and Chief of Pediatric Neurosurgery at University of California, Davis. In 2003, Dr. Pang lso took on the position of Chief of the Regional Centre of Paediatric Neurosurgery of Northern California Kaiser Foundation Hospitals. Since 2017, he has served as Honorary Consultant Paediatric Neurosurgeon at the Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children in London, United Kingdom, mainly as teacher and mentor for other pediatric neurosurgery consultants and fellows.Widely acclaimed internationally for his pioneering work on disorders of the pediatric spine especially in the field of spinal dysraphism and other congenital malformations, he was conferred an Adjunct Professorship from the Nanjing Medical University, China; an Honorary Professorship from Sun Yat-sen University, China; and Visiting Professorship from the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He is also an honorary member of the Neurosurgical Society of Hong Kong. Dr. Pang has been an invited speaker on over 370 occasions to many countries and was also guest surgeon in many places including Hong Kong; Singapore; India; Beijing, Nanjing, and Guangzhou in China; Taiwan; South Africa; and Thailand.With research interests encompassing neuroembryology, pediatric spinal injuries, spinal cord congenital malformations, embryology and bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction, intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring, and neuroendocrinology, he has been the principle recipient of a National Institute of Health RO-1 Grant on intraventricular hemorrhage in a canine model and a Centre Project Grant from the University of Pittsburgh on the induction of precocious puberty using a non-invasive balloon in the third ventricle in a primate model. His published list includes over 200 refereed articles and chapters, many of which are landmark publications. Dr. Pang has edited two books on the pediatric spine and spinal cord diseases, besides serving as Co-editor in Chief for the current project of the Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery.Dr. Pang now lives full time in London with his wife Lynne.James T. Rutka Born in Toronto, and educated at Princeton University (1975 –1977) and Queen's University Medical School (1977 –1981), Dr. Rutka did an internship at McGill University (1981 –1982) before entering the University of Toronto Neurosurgery Training Program in 1982. His training included a research fellowship at the Brain Tumor Research Centre, the University of California, San Francisco, where he obtained his Ph.D. in Experimental Pathology (1984 –1987).Dr. Rutka assumed his appointment in the Division of Neurosurgery, the Department of Surgery, the University of Toronto, in 1990. He is a Pediatric Neurosurgeon whose clinical practice has been at the Hospital for Sick Children. Dr. Rutka's primary research and clinical interests relate to the science and surgery of human brain tumors and epilepsy. He has over 500 peerreviewed publications.In 1999, Dr. Rutka was promoted to Professor in the Department of Surgery, the University of Toronto, and was appointed to the Dan Family Chair in the Division of Neurosurgery – a position he held until 2011. In 2009, he was the Honored Guest at the Congress of Neurological Surgeons ’ Annual Meeting. In 2010 and 2011, Dr. Rutka served as President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. In 2011, he became President of the World Academy of Neurological Surgery, President of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. That same year, he was appointed as the RS McLaughlin Professor and Chair of the Department of Surgery at the University of Toronto. In 2013, Dr. Rutka became the first Canadian to be appointed as Editor in Chief of the Journal of Neurosurgery and was inducted as a Member of the Order of Ontario. In 2015, he was inducted as an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2017, he received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science, from his Medical School Alma Mater, Queen ’s University. In 2019, Dr. Rutka received the Cushing Medal from the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Dr. Rutka is married to Mari Rutka. Together they have three children: Daniel, Hana, and Marissa.

“The authors have done an excellent job of catering to visual learners who may often struggle with dense research texts. … we enthusiastically support the circulation of the Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery and encourage surgeons, residents, students, and associated health care providers in neurosurgery to take a second look at what this text has to offer.” (Rebecca A. Reynolds and Robert P. Naftel, Operative Neurosurgery, Vol. 20 (4), April, 2021)“Textbook of Pediatric Neurosurgery provides in exquisite detail a guide to both the fundamentals and details of pediatric neurosurgery. It will prove an excellent reference for all interested in this rapidly growing and essential field, advanced practitioner and trainee included. I particularly recommend it to senior residents and fellows pursuing a career in pediatric neurosurgery, as this excellent resource will prove itself a frequently referenced throughout their burgeoning careers.” (Nealen G. Laxpati, Operative Neurosurgery, Vol. 20 (4), 2021)

• 1.Generalities: Embryology of CNS.- Neurologic development and objective neurological examination of the infant and the child.- Principles of neuroimaging.- Neurologic development and objective neurological examination of  the infant and the child.-  Physiological responses of the newborn, infant and child to neurosurgical trauma.-  Preoperative evaluation, anesthesiological and intensive care management.- Pediatric chemotherapy.- Pediatric radiotherapy.-  2. Congenital brain malformation and acquired disorders: Encephaloceles, meningoceles, dermal sinuses.- Chiari malformations (types II,III,IV) .- Craniopagus.- Physiology and abnormalities of CSF dynamics (including infantile benign hydrocephalus and benign intracranial hypertension) .- Hydrocephalus: Clinical presentation according to age and etiology.-Pathological changes induced by the hydrocephalus/ compensative changes.-Hydrocephalus: Neuroimaging.- Fetal hydrocephalus and its treatment inutero.-Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus.-Postinfective hydrocephalus.- Multiloculated hydrocephalus.-Aqueductal stenosis and hydrcephalus.-X-linked, metabolic hydrocephalus.- Hydrocephalus associated to MM.- Hydrocephalus associated to tumors.- Medical treatment of hydrocephalus.- Surgical treatment of hydrocephalus based on CSF shunt devices.-In-depth view: Functional chracteristics of CSF shunt devices (pros and cons) .- In-depth view: How to perform a V-P CSF shunt.- In-depth view: How to perform a V-A CSF shunt.- In-depth view: How to perform a lumbo-peritoneal CSF shunt.- In-depth view: How to perform a pleural, glad bladder shunt.-In-depth view: How to perform a subgaleal shunt.- In-depth view: External CSF shunts.-Infective, mechanical and functional complications in the surgical treatment of hydrocephalus.- Late complications following surgical treatment of hydrocephalus.-Endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus.-In-depth view: How to perform an endoscopic third-ventricle cisternostomy.- In-depth view: How to perform an endoscopic plexectomy.-Complications following endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus.-Arachnoid cysts.-Dandy-Walker malformations/variants.- Cortical dysplasia.- Neurocutaneous syndromes.-Neurofibromatosis.-SturgeWeber.-Tuberous sclerosis.- HippelLindau.-Hemimegalencephaly.-Cerebrocutaneous melanosis.- .Encephalo cutaneous lipomatosis.- 3. Cerebrovascular diseases: Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations.-Artero-venous malformations.-Venous angiomas and cavernomas.- Cerebral aneurysms.-Moya-moya disease.- 4. Congenital malformations of the skull and its coverings: Craniosynostoses: Management Issues and Evolution in concepts.- Craniosynostoses: Genetic base, genes, chromosomes and resulting syndromes.- Craniosynostoses: Lessons learned from animal models.- Sagittal synostoses.- Coronal (uni and bilateral) synostoses.-Metopic synostoses.- Lambdoid synostoses.-Non syndromic plurisutural synostoses (oxycephaly, Mercedes) .- Syndromic synostoses.-Secondary synostoses (Metabolic, Iatrogenic, osteopetrosis, etc) .- In-depth view: ICP in craniosynostosis.- In-depth view: Neuropsychological evaluation in craniosynostosis.-In-depth view: Psycho-Sociological repercussions of craniosynostosis.- In-depth view: Deformational plagiocephaly.- In-depth view: Management of craniosynostosis: Evaluation of results.- In-depth view: Blood sparing and anesthesiological issues in craniosynostosis.- In-depth view: Osteogenic distraction.-In-depth view: Endoscopy assisted techniques.- In-depth view: Spring assisted distraction.-In-depth view: Bone splitting and materials.-Scalp agenesis. .- 5. Head Injuries: Birth related head traumas.- Accidental head traumas.-Non-accidental head injuries.-Cranial decompression.- Outcomes, principles of rehabilitation.-6. Infections: Meningitis: neurosurgical implications.- .Encephalitis.- Empyemas and brain abscesses.-Parasitic infestations, fungal and TB.- 7. Neoplasms: Genetic basis and classification of cerebral neoplasms.- Familial syndromes.-Congenital and infantile tumors.-Cerebral gliomas.-Thalamic gliomas.-Optic pathways gliomas.- Pituitary adenomas.-Craniopharyngiomas and Rathke cysts.- Pineal region tumors.- Brainstem tumors.- Cerebellar astrocytomas.-Medulloblastomas.- Ependymomas.- Meningiomas.- Skull base tumors.-Skull tumors.- .-8. Functional disorders: Epilepsy: genetic forms and sporadic forms.-Medical intractable epilepsy: preoperative evaluation.-Catastrophic epilepsy and hemispherectomy.-Temporal lobe epilepsy surgery.- Extra-temporal epilepsy surgery.- Palliative surgical techniques (VNS, Callosotomy) .- Neuromodulation.- Spasticity.- Movement disorders.-9. Congenital and developmental spinal disorders: Genetic basis of neural tube defects.- Classification of spinal dysraphic malformations according to embryogenesis: Gastrulation defects and Split cord malformation.- Primary neurulation defects: 1 Open neural tube defects.- Primary neurulation defects : 2 Limited dorsal myeloschisi (LDM) .Dermoid and dermal sinus tracts.-Secondary neurulation defects -1: Thickened filum terminale; Retained medullary cord.-Secondary neurulation defects -2: Terminal myelocystocoele.-Mixed primary and secondary neurulation defects: spinal cord lipomas.- Antenatal management of spinal dysraphysm-1: Imaging and diagnosis of antenatal spinal and spinal cord malformations.-Antenatal management of spinal dysraphysm-2: Antenatal surgery of myelominingocoele.-Caudal agenesis and associated spinal cord malformations.-Spinal cord and vertebral arteriovenous malformation and fistula.-Intraspinal cysts including syringomyelia unrelated to Chiari Malformation.- Scoliosis and other congenital vertebral anomalies. 10. Craniovertebral Junction Anomalies: Embryology, classification, and surgical management of bony malformations of the craniovertebral junction.-Chiari I Malformation and associated syringomyelia.- Anterior surgical approaches to the craniovertebral junction and upper cervical spine. 11. Spine and spinal cord neoplasms: Intramedullary tumours.- Extramedullary tumours.- Vertebral tumours. 12. Spinal trauma: Spine and spinal cord injuries in children: General aspects including Pure ligamentous injuries in children.- Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) .- Atlantooccipital dislocation (AOD) in children.- Atlantoaxial rotatory fixation (AARF) in children.-Outcome and principles of spinal cord rehabilitation in children. 13. Infectious diseases of the spine: Tuberculosis of the spine.- Bacterial, fungal, and other non-tuberculous infections of the spine, including intraspinal abscesses.- Juvenile disc diseases of the spine including infectious and non-infectious acute discitis.- 14. Intraoperative Neurophysiology Monitoring: Intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring for surgery of the brain.- Intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring for surgery of the spine and spinal cord.