Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in America

Michael C. LeMay, PhD, is professor emeritus of political science at California State University, San Bernardino.

• Preface,1 Background and History,Introduction,The First Amendment—Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition,The Second Amendment—The Right to Bear Arms,The Third Amendment—The Housing of Soldiers,The Fourth Amendment—Search and Arrest Warrants,The Fifth Amendment—Rights in Criminal Cases and Compelling Self-Incrimination,The Sixth Amendment—Rights to Fair Trial,The Seventh Amendment—Rights in Civil Cases,The Eighth Amendment—Bails, Fines, and Punishments,The Ninth Amendment—Rights Retained by the People,The Tenth Amendment—Powers Retained by States and the People,The Fourteenth Amendment—Civil Rights,The Fifteenth Amendment—Black Suffrage,Civil Rights Acts by the U.S. Congress,The Nineteenth Amendment—Women's Suffrage,The Twenty-Fourth Amendment—Poll Taxes,The Twenty-Sixth Amendment—Suffrage for Eighteen-Year-Olds,Conclusion,References,2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions,Introduction,The Denial of Rights to the "Other",Black Americans,Asian Americans,Hispanic Americans,Native Americans,Muslim and Arab Americans,Political Ideological Minorities,Women's Rights—the Suffragettes and NOW,Religious Minorities,Other Minorities,Conclusion,References,3 Perspectives,Introduction,The COVID-19 Pandemic and Lessons for Civil Rights Coping Strategies,Ken BedellTwo Courts: State Courts of Last Resort and Civil Rights Adjudication,Taraleigh DavisDefining Equality: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Americans with Disabilities Act,Michelle D. DeardorffWarrants for Me but Not for Thee: Students' Fourth Amendment Rights in Public Schools,Joshua DunnWhen Secular and Religious Interests Collide,Scott MerrimanTransgender Rights,Chuck StewartThe Free Press in the Age of Trump,John R. VileReligious Opposition to Abortion Rights: Another Attempt at Establishment of Religion,David Weddle"Fish-Ins" and the Indian Civil Rights Movement,David Zeh4 Profiles,Introduction,Organizations,Aids Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP),American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD),American Association of Retired Persons (AARP),American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC),American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU),American Indian Movement (AIM),Congress of Racial Equality (CORE),Japanese American Citizens League (JACL),League of Women Voters (LWV),United Farm Workers (UFW),People—Government,Frank, Barney (1940–),Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933–2020),Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826),Johnson, Lyndon (1908–1973),Lewis, John (1940–2020),Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865),Madison, James (1751–1836),Marshall, Thurgood (1908–1993),Mason, George (1725–1792),Rehnquist, William (1924–2005),Warren, Earl (1891–1974),People—Nongovernment,Addams, Jane (1860–1936),Andrus, Ethel Percy (1884–1967),Baker, Ella (1903–1986),Berger, Victor (1860–1928),Debs, Eugene (1855–1926),Deer, Ada (1935–),Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963),Farrakhan, Louis (1933–),Huerta, Dolores (1930–),Kaepernick, Colin Rand (1987–),King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–1968),Martin, Del (1921–2008),Parks, Rosa (1913–2005),Randolph, A. Philip (1889–1979),Wells, Ida (1862–1931),Wiesel, Elie (1928–2016),References,5 Data and Documents,Introduction,Data,Table 5.1. Articles of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights,Table 5.2: Second Amendment Decisions and Congressional Gun Control Measures,Table 5.3: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fourth Amendment,Table 5.4: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fifth Amendment,Table 5.5: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Fair Trial Clause of the Sixth Amendment,Table 5.6: Supreme Court Decisions on Capital Punishment,Table 5.7: State Status Regarding Capital Punishment,Table 5.8: Supreme Court Decisions Regarding the Tenth, Fourteenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-Fourth, and Twenty-Sixth Amendments,Table 5.9: Major Civil Rights Acts Passed by the United States Congress,Table 5.10: Exemplary Civil Rights Advocacy Groups, by Type,Table 5.11: Activists and Organizations Concerning Sexual Orientation Rights,Table 5.12: Presidential Medals of Freedom Awarded for Civil Rights Activism,Documents,Declaration of Independence (1776),Resolutions of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848),Article VIII of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848),Mississippi Black Codes (1865),Civil Rights Act (April 9, 1866),The Espionage Act (June 15, 1917),Leser v. Garnett (1922),Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942),Findings and Purposes of the National Voter Registration Act (1993),Hurst v. Florida (2016),6 Resources,Introduction,Books,Scholarly Journals,Films,7 Chronology,Glossary,Index,