George G. Szpiro – författare

At its core, economics is about making decisions. In the history of economic thought, great intellectual prowess has been exerted toward devising exquisite theories of optimal decision making in situations of constraint, risk, and scarcity. Yet not all of our choices are purely logical, and so there is a longstanding tension between those emphasizing the rational and irrational sides of human behavior. One strand develops formal models of rational utility maximizing while the other draws on what behavioral science has shown about our tendency to act irrationally.In Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty, George G. Szpiro offers a new narrative of the three-century history of the study of decision making, tracing how crucial ideas have evolved and telling the stories of the thinkers who shaped the field. Szpiro examines economics from the early days of theories spun from anecdotal evidence to the rise of a discipline built around elegant mathematics through the past half century’s interest in describing how people actually behave. Considering the work of Locke, Bentham, Jevons, Walras, Friedman, Tversky and Kahneman, Thaler, and a range of other thinkers, he sheds light on the vast scope of discovery since Bernoulli first proposed a solution to the St. Petersburg Paradox. Presenting fundamental mathematical theories in easy-to-understand language, Risk, Choice, and Uncertainty is a revelatory history for readers seeking to grasp the grand sweep of economic thought.

Why does it always seem like the elevator is going down when you need to go up? Is it really true that 0.99999 . . . with an infinite number of 9s after the decimal point, is equal to 1? What do tea leaves and river erosion have in common, per Albert Einstein? Does seeing a bed of red flowers help prove that all ravens are black? Can we make sense of a phrase like “this statement is unprovable”?Exploring these questions and many more, George G. Szpiro guides readers through the puzzling world of paradoxes, from Socratic dialogues to the Monty Hall problem. Perplexing Paradoxes presents sixty counterintuitive conundrums drawn from diverse areas of thought—not only mathematics, statistics, logic, and philosophy but also social science, physics, politics, and religion. Szpiro offers a brisk history of each paradox, unpacks its inner workings, and considers where one might encounter it in daily life. Ultimately, he argues, paradoxes are not simple brain teasers or abstruse word games—they challenge us to hone our reasoning and become more alert to the flaws in received wisdom and common habits of thought.Lighthearted, witty, and conversational, Perplexing Paradoxes presents sophisticated material in an accessible way for all readers interested in the world’s boundless possibilities—and impossibilities.

Does the lack of evidence mean that aliens don’t exist? Why does an unproven mathematical hypothesis have profound consequences? Are humans capable of grasping the nature of divinity? Is it ethical to give a patient a placebo? Why do people persist in demonstrably false beliefs like flat earth theory? Should someone want to know when they will die?George G. Szpiro examines these questions and many others, offering an engaging and witty tour of what we can learn from ignorance. In a series of fast-paced chapters, he unravels problems ranging across science, mathematics, law, economics, politics, religion, psychology, and philosophy—some esoteric, others drawn from everyday life. Ignorance comes in many forms, Szpiro shows. Some questions are only temporarily unsolved; others are inherently unanswerable. Sometimes authorities keep answers from us, for good or ill. Often our assumptions and biases keep us from overcoming our ignorance, and occasionally we choose to remain ignorant—for surprisingly rational reasons.Ultimately, Szpiro argues, ignorance is not purely negative. It can motivate the pursuit of learning and wisdom—as long as we acknowledge it. Presenting sophisticated topics in an accessible way, this book shows how ignorance sheds light on the nature of knowledge.

Mathematics is thriving. Not only have long-standing problems, such as the Poincaré conjecture, been solved, but mathematics is an important element of many modern conveniences, such as cell phones, CDs, and secure transactions over the Internet. For good or for bad, it is also the engine that drives modern investment strategies. Fortunately for the general public, mathematics and its modern applications can be intelligible to the non-specialist, as George Szpiro shows in A Mathematical Medley. In stories of a few pages each, Szpiro describes in layman's terms mathematical problems that have recently been solved (or thought to have been solved), research that was published in scientific journals, and mathematical observations about contemporary life. Anecdotal stories about the lives of mathematicians and stories about famous old problems are interspersed among other vignettes.

The amazing story of one of the greatest math problems of all time and the reclusive genius who solved itIn the tradition of Fermat’s Enigma and Prime Obsession, George Szpiro brings to life the giants of mathematics who struggled to prove a theorem for a century and the mysterious man from St. Petersburg, Grigory Perelman, who fi nally accomplished the impossible. In 1904 Henri Poincaré developed the Poincaré Conjecture, an attempt to understand higher-dimensional space and possibly the shape of the universe. The problem was he couldn’t prove it. A century later it was named a Millennium Prize problem, one of the seven hardest problems we can imagine. Now this holy grail of mathematics has been found.Accessibly interweaving history and math, Szpiro captures the passion, frustration, and excitement of the hunt, and provides a fascinating portrait of a contemporary noble-genius.

Sir Walter Raleigh wollte wissen, wie Kanonenkugeln in einem Schiff am dichtesten aufgestapelt werden können. Im Jahre 1611 gab der Astronom Johannes Kepler die einleuchtende Antwort: genau so, wie Gemüsehändler Orangen und Tomaten auf den Marktständen aufstapeln. Doch dies war lediglich eine Vermutung, die Mathematiker vier Jahrhunderte lang zu beweisen versuchten. Erst 1998 gelang es dem amerikanischen Mathematiker Thomas Hales, die Vermutung mit der Hilfe von Computern mathematisch zu beweisen. Sowohl allgemeininteressierte Leser als auch Mathematikstudenten, Schüler und Lehrer werden dieses Buch mit Interesse lesen.

Sir Walter Raleigh wollte wissen, wie Kanonenkugeln in einem Schiff am dichtesten aufgestapelt werden können. Im Jahre 1611 gab der Astronom Johannes Kepler die einleuchtende Antwort: genau so, wie Gemüsehändler Orangen und Tomaten auf den Marktständen aufstapeln. Doch dies war lediglich eine Vermutung, die Mathematiker vier Jahrhunderte lang zu beweisen versuchten. Erst 1998 gelang es dem amerikanischen Mathematiker Thomas Hales, die Vermutung mit der Hilfe von Computern mathematisch zu beweisen. Sowohl allgemeininteressierte Leser als auch Mathematikstudenten, Schüler und Lehrer werden dieses Buch mit Interesse lesen.

Die verflixte Mathematik der Demokratie ist eine Erläuterung und historische Einführung in die Probleme, die in einer Demokratie entstehen können. Die Mehrheitswahl und die Zuteilung von Sitzen in einem Parlament werfen mathematische Fragen auf, zu deren Beschreibung zwar nicht mehr als Arithmetik benötigt wird, deren Lösung aber überraschend schwierig oder sogar unmöglich ist. Das sogenannte Condorcet Paradoxon zeigt zum Beispiel, dass eine Mehrheitswahl zu scheinbar widersinnigen Resultaten führen kann. Und wie viele Sitze sollen zum Beispiel einer Partei im Parlament zugeteilt werden, die 23,6 Prozent der Stimmen erhielt? Die Erzählung beginnt mit den alten Griechen und Römern und führt über mittelalterliche Kirchenherren, Persönlichkeiten der französischen Revolution und die amerikanischen Gründungsväter bis zu heutigen Nobelpreisträgern. Sowohl für allgemein interessierte Leser als auch Studierende der politischen Wissenschaften und der Wirtschaftswissenschaften wird das Buch von großem Interesse sein.