John Tofik Karam – författare

At the border where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina meet under the scrutiny of the U.S. and Mercosur (the large South American trade bloc), Arabs have long been agents of what author John Tofik Karam calls a 'manifold destiny.' In this, Karam casts Arab communities in Latin America as circumstantial protagonists of a hemispheric saga.For the more than six decades since they started settling at the border where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina meet, Arabs have animated the hemisphere. Their transnational economic and social projects reveal a heretofore unacknowledged venue of exceptional rule in which the community accommodates and abides multiple states' varied suspensions of norms and laws. Arabs set up businesses and community centers at the border under authoritarian military governments between the 1950s and 1980s; thereafter, when denied full democratic enfranchisement, they instead underwent increasing surveillance from the 1990s to today. Karam reveals an unfinished history of exceptional rule and Arab accommodation from an authoritarian past to a counterterrorist present.Karam's riveting account draws on anthropological and historical research from each side of this triple border, as well as from the U.S-where government bureaucrats still suspect Arabs at the border of would-be terrorist subversion. Offering a fresh understanding of the hemisphere, Manifold Destiny brings the transnational turn of Middle Eastern Studies to bear upon the fields of American Studies, Brazilian Studies, and Latin American Studies.

At the border where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina meet under the scrutiny of the U.S. and Mercosur (the large South American trade bloc), Arabs have long been agents of what author John Tofik Karam calls a 'manifold destiny.' In this, Karam casts Arab communities in Latin America as circumstantial protagonists of a hemispheric saga.For the more than six decades since they started settling at the border where Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina meet, Arabs have animated the hemisphere. Their transnational economic and social projects reveal a heretofore unacknowledged venue of exceptional rule in which the community accommodates and abides multiple states' varied suspensions of norms and laws. Arabs set up businesses and community centers at the border under authoritarian military governments between the 1950s and 1980s; thereafter, when denied full democratic enfranchisement, they instead underwent increasing surveillance from the 1990s to today. Karam reveals an unfinished history of exceptional rule and Arab accommodation from an authoritarian past to a counterterrorist present.Karam's riveting account draws on anthropological and historical research from each side of this triple border, as well as from the U.S-where government bureaucrats still suspect Arabs at the border of would-be terrorist subversion. Offering a fresh understanding of the hemisphere, Manifold Destiny brings the transnational turn of Middle Eastern Studies to bear upon the fields of American Studies, Brazilian Studies, and Latin American Studies.

Muslims have been shaping the Americas and the Caribbean for more than five hundred years, yet this interplay is frequently overlooked or misconstrued. Brimming with revelations that synthesize area and ethnic studies, Crescent over Another Horizon presents a portrait of Islam’s unity as it evolved through plural formulations of identity, power, and belonging. Offering a Latino American perspective on a wider Islamic world, the editors overturn the conventional perception of Muslim communities in the New World, arguing that their characterization as “minorities” obscures the interplay of ethnicity and religion that continues to foster transnational ties.Bringing together studies of Iberian colonists, enslaved Africans, indentured South Asians, migrant Arabs, and Latino and Latin American converts, the volume captures the power-laden processes at work in religious conversion or resistance. Throughout each analysis-spanning times of inquisition, conquest, repressive nationalism, and anti-terror security protocols-the authors offer innovative frameworks to probe the ways in which racialized Islam has facilitated the building of new national identities while fostering a double-edged marginalization. The subjects of the essays transition from imperialism (with studies of morisco converts to Christianity, West African slave uprisings, and Muslim and Hindu South Asian indentured laborers in Dutch Suriname) to the contemporary Muslim presence in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Trinidad, completed by a timely examination of the United States, including Muslim communities in “Hispanicized” South Florida and the agency of Latina conversion. The result is a fresh perspective that opens new horizons for a vibrant range of fields.