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Elasticity is the ability of a material to be stretched under tensile load and to return to its original starting position on recovery. It is one of the most important properties of textiles and has a direct effect on their functionality. It is elasticity that makes it possible to open up different areas of application through special and mass-produced products, especially in the areas of stretch and compression. About 80% of all clothing textiles produced today, as well as almost all medical textiles, contain special elastic yarns that enable or reinforce elasticity.This edited work describes and explains the production of elastic textiles from raw material to fiber and yarn, processing, and application. Environmental aspects (e.g. recycling) are also explained. Expert contributions from industry and research present the state of the art and practical new developments in such a way that users from industry and trade can use them in line with market requirements. In addition, trainees and students as well as textile experts are addressed.

Sustainable Packaging Materials provides a concise introduction to the principles and practices of packaging sustainability. It addresses the important issues that concern packaging professionals, decision makers, managers, CTOs, legislators, researchers, and students, including the viability and future of recycling, bio- and oxo-degradable materials, and plastics alternatives such as paper, glass, and metal. Also covered are new regulations such as the extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, their consequences as to what materials are likely to be banned, and whether microplastics should be a concern for packaging companies.Written by an experienced professor, educator, author, inventor, and entrepreneur, this book offers uniquely clear answers to these challenges, helping readers to identify packaging materials that are likely to be phased out to meet new regulations, and to find alternatives to benefit their research and businesses. They will also be equipped to follow guidelines on the use of various packaging materials to stay ahead of the demands of the industry, and to make informed choices about packaging materials by considering sustainability, performance, and cost. Furthermore, they will be informed of the emerging packaging trends in both academia and industry, and understand the issues associated with microplastic pollution, and the actions recommended to mitigate these challenges.

The Plastics Handbook provides everything important there is to know about plastics, comprehensively compiled in a compact and well-organized format. From material properties to machines, processing, and applications, the user will find detailed information that allows the successful implementation of new materials and technologies. This concise, competent, modern reference not only explains the basic facts and interrelationships, but also serves as a practical guide for engineers to help them succeed in today's challenging, global industrial world. Searching for specific materials, properties, or any other information is particularly easy, because the reader also has free access to the electronic version of the book. The 6th edition is comprehensively updated throughout.

Practical and easy to understand, this book describes the injection molding process and the settings of the injection molding machine to produce high-quality injection molded parts. It is intended as a guide for the machine operator and provides clear instructions for process optimization. How exactly does injection molding work? How do you set up the machine optimally? How do you produce a high-quality injection molded part? The book conveys all of this in an easy-to-understand form. The common special processes are described in detail and the necessary additional physical principles are explained. The chapter "Optimization of Quality" describes how quality can be documented and which tools are available for quality optimization. This also includes artificial intelligence (SPC, EVOP). The ever-more important topic of sustainability is also covered in a separate chapter.

In this single handbook, the editors aim to give a diverse audience of readers a complete account of all aspects of PVC - from monomer manufacture to polymerization; the gamut of such additives as stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, impact modifiers, fillers and reinforcing agents; blends and alloys; compounding and processing; characterization; combustion resistance and weatherability; product engineering design; applications; environmental and safety; and finally the PVC industry dynamics. The handbook contains both practical formulation information as well as a mechanistic view of why PVC behaves as it does. The 2nd edition is comprehensively updated throughout, with all-new chapters on PVC recycling, sustainability, and decarbonization.

This is the first book focusing on the subject of injection mold sampling.A standardized, structured, and systematic procedure for sampling injection molds is essential for a successful injection molding process. This work provide everything you need to know, guiding you from the placing of an order for a mold sampling to the transfer to series production. With the complete sequence of the individual sampling steps, lots of background information, notes, practical examples and tips, and a colorful, well-illustrated design, the sampling procedure is conveyed in a reader-friendly way.The main topics covered are the structured procedure of a mold sampling, taking into account energy efficiency, documentation, and communication; a mold sampling analysis; optimum machine setup using strategic procedures and methods on the injection molding machine; process optimization with subsequent investigation of process capability; and a Run@Rate process.This book is ideally suited for practical users working at the injection molding machine as well as serving as a textbook at vocational schools, further education institutions, and universities.

This easy-to-understand guide provides the necessary information to implement a scientific molding program. It is a hands-on reference for people on the molding floor, including those previously lacking theoretical background or formal education.The book covers how the injection molding machine prepares the plastic and understanding of plastic flow. The functions of the main machine components are explained and understanding of correct procedures and testing is developed. Each step of the process is clearly explained in a step-by-step manner, and simple examples of important calculations are provided. The practical approach is augmented by useful guides for troubleshooting and machine set-up. An Excel spreadsheet with a process test and a machine performance test is available as bonus material. The 2nd edition has various updates, improvements, and corrections throughout.

This practical book is aimed at companies that want to integrate thermoplastic-based 3D printing into their manufacturing processes and need to build up know-how in the selection of suitable plastics. It presents the thermoplastics relevant for additive manufacturing and their process-specific features as well as a wide range of applications. The book covers the following topics:- Functional principle and build-up strategy of thermoplastic-based additive manufacturing processes, in particular fused layer modeling (FLM) and selective laser sintering (SLS)- Classification and formulation of thermoplastic polymer materials- Mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of thermoplastics that must be considered for use in 3D printing- Material, design, and process specifics of thermoplastics for successful processing - Support materials, multi-material processes, fiber-reinforced components- Bio-based or biodegradable thermoplastics, recycling of thermoplastics- Recommendations for occupational safety, environmental protection, and product safety.Numerous practical examples showing recommended combinations of plastics and additive manufacturing methods make this book an indispensable guide for all those who use 3D printing and need sound knowledge of materials selection for this purpose.

In this book, the concept of the circular economy is examined from the point of view of textile-to-textile recycling, with strong consideration of the latest political objectives. Readers will gain an understanding of the basic principles and implementation possibilities, and discover which textile-to-textile recycling solutions have already been implemented in industry and which solutions are promising for the future. Thus, this work is the starting point for readers who want or need to contribute to saving our environment through concrete actions. The process chain of textile production and recycling is first presented. Based on this, concepts for textile-to-textile recycling are explained and deepened using industry examples. These concepts are further developed and finally implemented as strategies for a transformation into a circular economy. Global fiber production is growing continuously and with it its negative impact on our environment. Although the share of recycled fibers is also increasing, it is mainly linear bottle recycling; the share of pre- or post-consumer textile recycling remains less than 1% of the fiber market. With and international authorship from both industry and academia, and reader-friendly presentation including many illustrations and in-depth practical examples, this book identifies possible solutions to these challenges.

This book closes a fundamental gap in the field of mold design. The use of injection molding coatings extends the technical possibilities in the field of plastics production, such as the achievable flow path length, the use of abrasive and corrosive plastics, and the achievable tool life. This possibility of functionalization has so far been somewhat neglected due to a lack of available information on the state of the art and possible applications. This book therefore brings together the available knowledge of various experts in a way that is understandable for engineering students and tool and mold makers. The book covers the individual steps of coating technologies. First, the steel materials that are mainly used for the construction of tools in plastics processing are presented. This is followed by the current status of the various coating technologies. The existing coating technologies are presented and characterized with regard to their suitability for use in tool technology in the plastics processing environment. The third part deals with the characterization of the deposited coatings. On the one hand, the focus is on the characterization of the actual coating, such as chemical composition, coating layout and coating thickness. Secondly, the measurement methods for determining the functional properties of the deposited coatings, such as hardness and wear resistance, thermal properties, thermal conductivity and tribological properties, are presented. Finally, the use of appropriate coatings is illustrated using practical examples from plastics technology.

The transportation landscape is undergoing a rapid transformation, driven by innovative business models and cutting-edge technologies like automated driving and new propulsion concepts. This book explores the critical intersection of legal, social, and safety requirements that are shaping the future of mobility, with a focus on automated driving. It addresses the fundamental question of how societal expectations influence the development of these technologies and provides practical guidance for engineers and managers on incorporating collective needs into product development while ensuring robust safety.This bookexamines the pivotal role of social acceptance in the success of automated driving and explores strategies for building trust among society, authorities, and managementexplains the necessity of implementing robust Safety Management Systems (SMS) and adopting a holistic approach to security for new mobility solutionsanalyzes human driving behavior, and its implications for the design and development of automated driving systems that seamlessly integrate with human drivingexplores the transformative role of artificial intelligence in automated driving and the application of generative AI as a supporting tool in the automotive development lifecycle, including the potential risks associated with machine learning algorithms and how to mitigate thempresents systems engineering as a key solution for the future of mobility, providing a framework for managing the complexity and interconnectedness of automated driving systemsAI-driven mobility solutions, especially safety-critical and automated driving functions, introduce new risks and require new approaches to security and safety. Packed with best practices and real-world use cases, this book serves as an invaluable resource for manufacturers, producers, operators, and service providers navigating the landscape of vehicle safety and automated driving.

This book provides an insight into the thermal analysis of thermosets and presents a large number of practical examples to assist users in implementing this technique optimally for a wide range use-cases. The main techniques used for sample measurement are differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). In special cases, combined on-line techniques such as SDTA, visual monitoring, and evolved gas analysis (EGA) have also been employed. The more modern method of chip calorimetry by Flash DSC is also demonstrated. Thermosets are polymers that have undergone a permanent chemical reaction known as curing or crosslinking to form a giant crosslinked network structure. They are rigid, typically insoluble materials of high mechanical strength and high temperature stability, with a broad range of applications that benefit from these properties. In contrast to thermoplastics, thermosets cannot be remelted or remolded into another shape after curing.

Rheology describes the flow and deformation of materials. Plastics in particular are characterized by their special flow behavior. The viscosity of plastics is not only dependent on temperature and pressure, but also on the flow velocity. This flow behavior, known as structural viscosity, is clearly described in this textbook. In addition, due to their molecular chain structure, plastics have visco-elastic properties that affect the flow processes. Understanding of all of these aspects is highly important for developing and maintaining effective, reliable, efficient, and economical plastics processing procedures to produce high-quality products. In this book, firstly different measurement methods that are suitable for measuring these properties are presented and their measurement results are also discussed. The laws that describe the special flow behavior of plastics are then explained. After deriving the flow equations, these are then used to calculate flow processes for the extrusion and injection molding processing methods. In addition to the general basics, there are practical calculation examples for each chapter. The reader thus has the opportunity to study the basics and at the same time apply the knowledge gained. Many full-color explanatory figures are provided, as are QR codes link to videos that explain the content even more clearly. It is therefore ideal for a wide range of people working with plastics in industry, such as injection molders, mold makers, and simulation experts.

This book is a comprehensive guide navigating the complex issues of energy and productive efficiency in polymer processing. From foundational energy concepts in industry to in-depth analyses of consumption patterns, the book introduces Monitoring and Targeting methodologies and innovative approaches like the Energy Gap Method. It explores strategies to bridge identified energy gaps, offering practical insights. Real-world case studies showcase successful applications of these methods. The book culminates in a forward-looking exploration of digitalization and artificial intelligence as tools to revolutionize polymer processing, making it an essential resource for professionals, researchers, and students seeking practical knowledge in energy optimization.

Calendering is an industrial process in which materials, especially plastics or rubber, are processed into thin layers or films by rolling. Plastic films play a major role as homopolymer films, as multilayer films, or as mixed films in the packaging industry as well as in technical and agricultural applications and are an integral part of our current value chain. This book present innovations and practical experiences in plastics processing using the example of the calendering process, which can also be used in other plastics technologies, such as extrusion, injection molding or coating. All calculation methods presented are applicable or can be transferred to other plastic technologies. Important topics covered include defect types, detection, and countermeasures; rheology and its application to optimized products; mathematical methods and software applications for film production; measurement technology; further film processing technologies; digitalization and Industry 4.0; recycling technologies; and future outlook. It is written by specialists in plastics technology, especially calendering technology, and is based on around 20 years of professional experience and scientific collaborations with international universities and research institutions.

The Mold-Making Handbook has proven to be an essential resource for the plastics engineer who handles the design and construction of tools for different processing methods, from injection molding and blow molding, to prototyping tools, including their computer-aided design.The present edition has been completely updated with new chapters including micro injection molds, molds for the rubber industry, and rapid prototyping. Separate sections describe the tool materials and various manufacturing and processing methods. Each chapter is self-contained; the proposed synergistic effect is achieved especially when the reader not only reads »his« chapter, but is willing to »look outside the box« of his own specialist field.This handbook is for both the reader who is looking for an introduction to a key area of plastics processing as well as the pronounced specialist to enable quick reading into related technical areas. Written by experts from the industry, the book captures the current state of the technique. The Mold-Making Handbook will prove extremely useful for engineers, designers, processors, technical salesmen, and students interested in all aspects of mold construction.

Basics of Rubber Engineering and Technology with Natural Rubber offers a comprehensive overview of natural rubber, from its extraction and processing to its wide-ranging applications in modern engineering. This book has been prepared to link the theoretical principles and the practical procedures and, therefore, will be useful to professionals, students and researchers in the field of rubber technology. The content of the book has been divided into five major chapters, covering latex processing, viscoelasticity, filler dispersion, and advanced rubber applications like elastomer bearings and flex seals of rockets. The book explores latex carbon black masterbatch production and its economic and processing advantages in rubber products manufacture. It also covers the mathematical derivation for applications like shock and vibration isolation. This work aims to empower readers with a deep understanding of natural rubber's behaviour and potential in engineering, while also addressing the latest industry trends and technological advancements. This book will be valuable to individuals at any level, whether they are beginners or experienced practitioners, serving as a step-by-step guide to mastering the art of rubber engineering.

This book contains a complete presentation of all branches essential for the development of gear units, in particular that of cylindrical gears. The main subareas are geometry, load capacity, gear noise, design process, quality assurance, materials, heat treatment, and manufacturing. Further topics covered are material selection, strength values, the creation of drawings as well as practical design examples. The used technical terms and standards are based on the internationally valid and applied ISO standards. This book provides the basis for practical calculations and detailed analyses. It addresses graduate engineers in research, development and manufacturing departments as well as students and postgraduates in mechanical and plant engineering, as well as in automotive, aerospace and marine engineering.With the purchase of this book, you also receive a free personal access code to download the eBook.