Airpower over the Rhine is a critical new perspective on the air battle between the French Air Force (FAF) and the Luftwaffe in the skies over France during May and June 1940. Why were the French overpowered in the air? What factors led to their defeat? Author James F. Slaughter III examines how each country’s leadership created the circumstances that enabled the Luftwaffe’s victory over the FAF and Germany’s ultimate defeat of France.   Conventional wisdom—especially in the English-speaking world—purports that the FAF was a nonentity whose loss was all but guaranteed. But the FAF did, in fact, show up to fight. With virtually every disadvantage and under impossible conditions, FAF pilots nevertheless managed to land significant blows against the Luftwaffe—far more than they are given credit for today. Slaughter traces this misconception to a largely collaborationist cover-up beginning with the Rion Trials in Vichy France that was then perpetuated by Cold War politics and popular mythology.   Rather than absence or incompetence, the FAF lost due to a series of complex internal conflicts within French leadership, both political and military, that set them up to fail. This work compares and examines six fundamental areas that affected the development of the FAF and the Luftwaffe: aircraft and equipment, the aircraft industries, intelligence, the experiences of the Spanish Civil War, doctrine and training, and politics and air power. It also offers new details about and insights into Pierre Cot, a controversial French politician largely unknown outside France. Airpower over the Rhine explains Cot’s internal and external impact on the development of the French Air Force and details what is known about his apparent efforts to spy for the Soviet Union. Thoroughly researched and compellingly written, this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in World War II.

This collection of essays presents a clear, authoritative study of airpower, combining historical narrative, thematic analysis, and expert perspective to show how military operations and national security have been shaped by airpower over the past 120 years. American Airpower offers a clear, balanced examination of how airpower has been developed, applied, and what it can—and cannot—achieve in war. Edited by Sterling Michael Pavelec, this collection brings together leading scholars and practitioners to trace the evolution of airpower from its early technological and intellectual foundations to its role in contemporary and emerging domains. Organized as a collection of thematic essays, the book integrates theory with practice. It traces how airpower concepts emerged alongside new technologies, were tested in major conflicts, and how they adapted—sometimes imperfectly—to political constraints, joint warfare, and irregular conflict. Contributors examine key missions such as strategic bombing, air mobility, naval aviation, intelligence and reconnaissance, and precision strike, while also addressing the growing intersections of airpower with space and cyber operations. Rather than advancing a single doctrinal argument, the volume highlights enduring debates: Can airpower alone achieve decisive political outcomes? What are its limits when separated from ground and maritime forces? How do technological advances shape expectations—and misperceptions—about what airpower can deliver? Case studies from World War II through post–Cold War operations illustrate both notable successes and persistent shortcomings.American Airpower highlights critical thinking over advocacy. It challenges readers to understand airpower not as a universal solution, but as a powerful tool whose effectiveness depends on context, strategy, and sound judgment. For students, officers, policymakers, and scholars seeking a clear foundation in airpower history and theory, this book offers a disciplined guide to understanding what airpower has achieved, what it has failed to do, and why those distinctions matter.

Airpower in the War against ISIS chronicles the planning and conduct of Operation Inherent Resolve by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) from August 2014 to mid-2018, with a principal focus on the contributions of U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT). Benjamin S. Lambeth contends that the war's costly and excessive duration resulted from CENTCOM's inaccurate assessment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), determining it was simply a resurrected Iraqi insurgency rather than recognizing it as the emerging proto-state that it actually was. This erroneous decision, Lambeth argues, saw the application of an inappropriate counterinsurgency strategy and use of rules of engagement that imposed needless restrictions on the most effective use of the precision air assets at CENTCOM's disposal. The author, through expert analysis of recent history, forcefully argues that CENTCOM erred badly by not using its ample air assets at the outset not merely for supporting Iraq's initially noncombat-ready ground troops but also in an independent and uncompromising strategic interdiction campaign against ISIS's most vital center-of-gravity targets in Syria from the effort's first moments onward.

This illuminating work explores the importance of senior leadership in the development of the British Royal Air Force, focusing on the role of friendship and the influence of personality and character in delivering effective leadership. The lessons have continuing relevance in the exercise of command functions and the role of senior leaders.  More specifically, The Birth of British Airpower explains how Hugh Trenchard, a man with few obvious leadership skills, became a much-loved and inspirational commander who laid the foundations for British airpower on the Western Front in World War I and created the preconditions for the establishment of the world’s first independent air service, the Royal Air Force. It examines how friendship can overcome significant personal and character deficiencies and, by assembling the right senior leadership team, achieve greatness.  Trenchard was a poor public speaker who found it difficult to express himself either in speech or in writing. Fortunately for him, his close relationship with his personal assistant Maurice Baring, an accomplished poet, playwright, and author, provided the emotional and social support that he needed to succeed.  This book also demonstrates that the development of airpower doctrine in World War I was a slow process that owed as much to accident as to careful planning and how air superiority was only achieved by a sustained effort, underpinned by an effective and responsive logistic system. Finally, it explains how the ethos of the post-war air force was built around these experiences, and the collective effort of all those involved in the air war.

Airpower in the War against ISIS chronicles the planning and conduct of Operation Inherent Resolve by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) from August 2014 to mid-2018, with a principal focus on the contributions of U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT). Benjamin S. Lambeth contends that the war's costly and excessive duration resulted from CENTCOM's inaccurate assessment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), determining it was simply a resurrected Iraqi insurgency rather than recognizing it as the emerging proto-state that it actually was. This erroneous decision, Lambeth argues, saw the application of an inappropriate counterinsurgency strategy and use of rules of engagement that imposed needless restrictions on the most effective use of the precision air assets at CENTCOM's disposal. The author, through expert analysis of recent history, forcefully argues that CENTCOM erred badly by not using its ample air assets at the outset not merely for supporting Iraq's initially noncombat-ready ground troops but also in an independent and uncompromising strategic interdiction campaign against ISIS's most vital center-of-gravity targets in Syria from the effort's first moments onward.

This revealing history explores Hermann Goering’s desperate creation of twenty-two Luftwaffe Field Divisions—air force personnel hastily repurposed as infantry and sent to the Eastern Front with disastrous results. Michael J. Stout delivers the first full account of these ill-fated units, exposing their role in the collapse of Nazi military effectiveness.In September 1942, with German armies bleeding on the Eastern Front and manpower stretched to the breaking point, Hermann Goering made a fateful gamble. In an act of desperation—and with Hitler’s blessing—he ordered the formation of twenty-two Luftwaffe Field Divisions from the ranks of Germany’s air force. These men had been trained to maintain aircraft, cook meals, file paperwork, or fly bombers—not fight and die in Russia’s frozen tundra. Within three chaotic weeks they were deployed to the Eastern Front, poorly equipped and woefully unprepared. Predictably, their performance was disastrous, with many divisions disintegrating under fire.While significant to the German war effort and the history of the Luftwaffe, the Luftwaffe Field Divisions have received little analysis from professional historians. Author Michael J. Stout fills this gap by providing a complete history and full analysis of these divisions, examining their creation, training, combat service, and overall contribution to the German war effort. This book offers a new, revealing look at the unraveling of German military power and the growing dysfunction at the heart of the Nazi regime.

This collection of essays presents a clear, authoritative study of airpower, combining historical narrative, thematic analysis, and expert perspective to show how military operations and national security have been shaped by airpower over the past 120 years. American Airpower offers a clear, balanced examination of how airpower has been developed, applied, and what it can—and cannot—achieve in war. Edited bySterling Michael Pavelec, this collection brings together leading scholars and practitioners to trace the evolution of airpower from its early technological and intellectual foundations to its role in contemporary and emerging domains. Organized as a collection of thematic essays, the book integrates theory with practice. It traces how airpower concepts emerged alongside new technologies, were tested in major conflicts, and how they adapted—sometimes imperfectly—to political constraints, joint warfare, and irregular conflict. Contributors examine key missions such as strategic bombing, air mobility, naval aviation, intelligence and reconnaissance, and precision strike, while also addressing the growing intersections of airpower with space and cyber operations. Rather than advancing a single doctrinal argument, the volume highlights enduring debates: Can airpower alone achieve decisive political outcomes? What are its limits when separated from ground and maritime forces? How do technological advances shape expectations—and misperceptions—about what airpower can deliver? Case studies from World War II through post–Cold War operations illustrate both notable successes and persistent shortcomings.American Airpower highlights critical thinking over advocacy. It challenges readers to understand airpower not as a universal solution, but as a powerful tool whose effectiveness depends on context, strategy, and sound judgment. For students, officers, policymakers, and scholars seeking a clear foundation in airpower history and theory, this book offers a disciplined guide to understanding what airpower has achieved, what it has failed to do, and why those distinctions matter.

This compelling biography chronicles the life and leadership of General Chuck Horner, mastermind of the Gulf War’s revolutionary air campaign. Drawing on exclusive interviews and newly uncovered sources, it offers a powerful study in airpower, strategy, and the enduring principles of effective command.Victory Through Airpower deftly combines biography and operational history to explore the life and legacy of General Charles A. Horner, commander of the most successful air campaign in modern history—Operation Desert Storm.From his humble beginnings in Iowa to his rise as the first U.S. wartime Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), Horner’s story is one of resilience, innovation, and exceptional leadership. Author John Andreas Olsen follows Horner’s early career as a fighter pilot, his transformative experiences in Vietnam, and his pivotal role in shaping the Gulf War air campaign. Through exclusive interviews, personal correspondence, and newly uncovered Iraqi perspectives, this book provides a rare glimpse into the mind of a commander who redefined the art of modern warfare.Operation Desert Storm was a watershed moment in military history, and Horner was at its center. Olsen captures the strategic brilliance behind the air campaign through his exploration of Horner’s ability to integrate cutting-edge technology, build coalitions, and navigate the complexities of political expectations and joint operations. He also examines his unique relationship with General Norman Schwarzkopf and his ability to inspire trust and unity under the immense pressures of war.  But this is more than a story of military success—it is a study in leadership. Olsen highlights Horner’s professional mastery, personal integrity, and ability to adapt to the challenges of a rapidly evolving battlefield.

Airpower Reborn offers a conceptual approach to warfare that emphasizes airpower’s unique capability to achieve strategic effects. Six world-leading theorists argue that a viable strategy must transcend the purely military sphere, view the adversary as a multi-dimensional system, and pursue systemic paralysis and strategic effects rather than military destruction or attrition. The book is divided into three parts. The first section presents a historical perspective on airpower theory and airpower strategy, tracing their evolution from the 1920s to the 1980s. The second section contains in-depth examinations of the strategic concepts that John R. Boyd and John A. Warden developed in the 1980s and 1990s, with an emphasis on their contemporary relevance. The final section provides further context on modern airpower theory and strategy. Theory, in this setting, serves as the basic paradigm, strategy represents its generic, mechanisms-centered application, and plans of campaign constitute the specific steps for any given situation.In short, the authors look beyond the land-centric, battlefield-oriented paradigm that has continued to dominate military theories and strategies long after airpower offered new options. The book acknowledges the essential role of advanced technology in improving airpower capabilities, but emphasizes that air services must cultivate and harness the intellectual acumen of airmen and encourage officers and men to think conceptually and strategically about the application of aerospace power. Modern airpower can offer political decision-makers more and better options—provided the underlying strategy coherently links the application of airpower directly to the end-state objectives rather than limiting it to “the battle.”The book recommends that all countries should consider establishing a dynamic and vibrant environment for mastering aerospace history, theory, strategy, and doctrine; a milieu for cultivating broader knowledge of and insight into airpower; and a setting in which airpower experts have the opportunity to communicate their narrative to politicians, the media, and fellow officers, and to interact to mutual benefit with experts from all sectors of governance. This effort should emphasize the potentially unique contribution of airpower to political objectives and joint operations, and in turn connect to operational headquarters that do operational planning. Mastering such strategic thought lies at the heart of the military profession, but it requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of theory, strategy, and airpower, and transcends traditional metrics.

Airpower over the Rhine is a critical new perspective on the air battle between the French Air Force (FAF) and the Luftwaffe in the skies over France during May and June 1940. Why were the French overpowered in the air? What factors led to their defeat? Author James F. Slaughter III examines how each country’s leadership created the circumstances that enabled the Luftwaffe’s victory over the FAF and Germany’s ultimate defeat of France.   Conventional wisdom—especially in the English-speaking world—purports that the FAF was a nonentity whose loss was all but guaranteed. But the FAF did, in fact, show up to fight. With virtually every disadvantage and under impossible conditions, FAF pilots nevertheless managed to land significant blows against the Luftwaffe—far more than they are given credit for today. Slaughter traces this misconception to a largely collaborationist cover-up beginning with the Rion Trials in Vichy France that was then perpetuated by Cold War politics and popular mythology.   Rather than absence or incompetence, the FAF lost due to a series of complex internal conflicts within French leadership, both political and military, that set them up to fail. This work compares and examines six fundamental areas that affected the development of the FAF and the Luftwaffe: aircraft and equipment, the aircraft industries, intelligence, the experiences of the Spanish Civil War, doctrine and training, and politics and air power. It also offers new details about and insights into Pierre Cot, a controversial French politician largely unknown outside France. Airpower over the Rhine explains Cot’s internal and external impact on the development of the French Air Force and details what is known about his apparent efforts to spy for the Soviet Union. Thoroughly researched and compellingly written, this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in World War II.

This collection of essays presents a clear, authoritative study of airpower, combining historical narrative, thematic analysis, and expert perspective to show how military operations and national security have been shaped by airpower over the past 120 years. American Airpower offers a clear, balanced examination of how airpower has been developed, applied, and what it can—and cannot—achieve in war. Edited by Sterling Michael Pavelec, this collection brings together leading scholars and practitioners to trace the evolution of airpower from its early technological and intellectual foundations to its role in contemporary and emerging domains. Organized as a collection of thematic essays, the book integrates theory with practice. It traces how airpower concepts emerged alongside new technologies, were tested in major conflicts, and how they adapted—sometimes imperfectly—to political constraints, joint warfare, and irregular conflict. Contributors examine key missions such as strategic bombing, air mobility, naval aviation, intelligence and reconnaissance, and precision strike, while also addressing the growing intersections of airpower with space and cyber operations. Rather than advancing a single doctrinal argument, the volume highlights enduring debates: Can airpower alone achieve decisive political outcomes? What are its limits when separated from ground and maritime forces? How do technological advances shape expectations—and misperceptions—about what airpower can deliver? Case studies from World War II through post–Cold War operations illustrate both notable successes and persistent shortcomings.American Airpower highlights critical thinking over advocacy. It challenges readers to understand airpower not as a universal solution, but as a powerful tool whose effectiveness depends on context, strategy, and sound judgment. For students, officers, policymakers, and scholars seeking a clear foundation in airpower history and theory, this book offers a disciplined guide to understanding what airpower has achieved, what it has failed to do, and why those distinctions matter.

Airpower in the War against ISIS chronicles the planning and conduct of Operation Inherent Resolve by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) from August 2014 to mid-2018, with a principal focus on the contributions of U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT). Benjamin S. Lambeth contends that the war's costly and excessive duration resulted from CENTCOM's inaccurate assessment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), determining it was simply a resurrected Iraqi insurgency rather than recognizing it as the emerging proto-state that it actually was. This erroneous decision, Lambeth argues, saw the application of an inappropriate counterinsurgency strategy and use of rules of engagement that imposed needless restrictions on the most effective use of the precision air assets at CENTCOM's disposal. The author, through expert analysis of recent history, forcefully argues that CENTCOM erred badly by not using its ample air assets at the outset not merely for supporting Iraq's initially noncombat-ready ground troops but also in an independent and uncompromising strategic interdiction campaign against ISIS's most vital center-of-gravity targets in Syria from the effort's first moments onward.

This illuminating work explores the importance of senior leadership in the development of the British Royal Air Force, focusing on the role of friendship and the influence of personality and character in delivering effective leadership. The lessons have continuing relevance in the exercise of command functions and the role of senior leaders.  More specifically, The Birth of British Airpower explains how Hugh Trenchard, a man with few obvious leadership skills, became a much-loved and inspirational commander who laid the foundations for British airpower on the Western Front in World War I and created the preconditions for the establishment of the world’s first independent air service, the Royal Air Force. It examines how friendship can overcome significant personal and character deficiencies and, by assembling the right senior leadership team, achieve greatness.  Trenchard was a poor public speaker who found it difficult to express himself either in speech or in writing. Fortunately for him, his close relationship with his personal assistant Maurice Baring, an accomplished poet, playwright, and author, provided the emotional and social support that he needed to succeed.  This book also demonstrates that the development of airpower doctrine in World War I was a slow process that owed as much to accident as to careful planning and how air superiority was only achieved by a sustained effort, underpinned by an effective and responsive logistic system. Finally, it explains how the ethos of the post-war air force was built around these experiences, and the collective effort of all those involved in the air war.

Airpower in the War against ISIS chronicles the planning and conduct of Operation Inherent Resolve by U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) from August 2014 to mid-2018, with a principal focus on the contributions of U.S. Air Forces Central Command (AFCENT). Benjamin S. Lambeth contends that the war's costly and excessive duration resulted from CENTCOM's inaccurate assessment of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), determining it was simply a resurrected Iraqi insurgency rather than recognizing it as the emerging proto-state that it actually was. This erroneous decision, Lambeth argues, saw the application of an inappropriate counterinsurgency strategy and use of rules of engagement that imposed needless restrictions on the most effective use of the precision air assets at CENTCOM's disposal. The author, through expert analysis of recent history, forcefully argues that CENTCOM erred badly by not using its ample air assets at the outset not merely for supporting Iraq's initially noncombat-ready ground troops but also in an independent and uncompromising strategic interdiction campaign against ISIS's most vital center-of-gravity targets in Syria from the effort's first moments onward.

This revealing history explores Hermann Goering’s desperate creation of twenty-two Luftwaffe Field Divisions—air force personnel hastily repurposed as infantry and sent to the Eastern Front with disastrous results. Michael J. Stout delivers the first full account of these ill-fated units, exposing their role in the collapse of Nazi military effectiveness.In September 1942, with German armies bleeding on the Eastern Front and manpower stretched to the breaking point, Hermann Goering made a fateful gamble. In an act of desperation—and with Hitler’s blessing—he ordered the formation of twenty-two Luftwaffe Field Divisions from the ranks of Germany’s air force. These men had been trained to maintain aircraft, cook meals, file paperwork, or fly bombers—not fight and die in Russia’s frozen tundra. Within three chaotic weeks they were deployed to the Eastern Front, poorly equipped and woefully unprepared. Predictably, their performance was disastrous, with many divisions disintegrating under fire.While significant to the German war effort and the history of the Luftwaffe, the Luftwaffe Field Divisions have received little analysis from professional historians. Author Michael J. Stout fills this gap by providing a complete history and full analysis of these divisions, examining their creation, training, combat service, and overall contribution to the German war effort. This book offers a new, revealing look at the unraveling of German military power and the growing dysfunction at the heart of the Nazi regime.

This collection of essays presents a clear, authoritative study of airpower, combining historical narrative, thematic analysis, and expert perspective to show how military operations and national security have been shaped by airpower over the past 120 years. American Airpower offers a clear, balanced examination of how airpower has been developed, applied, and what it can—and cannot—achieve in war. Edited bySterling Michael Pavelec, this collection brings together leading scholars and practitioners to trace the evolution of airpower from its early technological and intellectual foundations to its role in contemporary and emerging domains. Organized as a collection of thematic essays, the book integrates theory with practice. It traces how airpower concepts emerged alongside new technologies, were tested in major conflicts, and how they adapted—sometimes imperfectly—to political constraints, joint warfare, and irregular conflict. Contributors examine key missions such as strategic bombing, air mobility, naval aviation, intelligence and reconnaissance, and precision strike, while also addressing the growing intersections of airpower with space and cyber operations. Rather than advancing a single doctrinal argument, the volume highlights enduring debates: Can airpower alone achieve decisive political outcomes? What are its limits when separated from ground and maritime forces? How do technological advances shape expectations—and misperceptions—about what airpower can deliver? Case studies from World War II through post–Cold War operations illustrate both notable successes and persistent shortcomings.American Airpower highlights critical thinking over advocacy. It challenges readers to understand airpower not as a universal solution, but as a powerful tool whose effectiveness depends on context, strategy, and sound judgment. For students, officers, policymakers, and scholars seeking a clear foundation in airpower history and theory, this book offers a disciplined guide to understanding what airpower has achieved, what it has failed to do, and why those distinctions matter.

This compelling biography chronicles the life and leadership of General Chuck Horner, mastermind of the Gulf War’s revolutionary air campaign. Drawing on exclusive interviews and newly uncovered sources, it offers a powerful study in airpower, strategy, and the enduring principles of effective command.Victory Through Airpower deftly combines biography and operational history to explore the life and legacy of General Charles A. Horner, commander of the most successful air campaign in modern history—Operation Desert Storm.From his humble beginnings in Iowa to his rise as the first U.S. wartime Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC), Horner’s story is one of resilience, innovation, and exceptional leadership. Author John Andreas Olsen follows Horner’s early career as a fighter pilot, his transformative experiences in Vietnam, and his pivotal role in shaping the Gulf War air campaign. Through exclusive interviews, personal correspondence, and newly uncovered Iraqi perspectives, this book provides a rare glimpse into the mind of a commander who redefined the art of modern warfare.Operation Desert Storm was a watershed moment in military history, and Horner was at its center. Olsen captures the strategic brilliance behind the air campaign through his exploration of Horner’s ability to integrate cutting-edge technology, build coalitions, and navigate the complexities of political expectations and joint operations. He also examines his unique relationship with General Norman Schwarzkopf and his ability to inspire trust and unity under the immense pressures of war.  But this is more than a story of military success—it is a study in leadership. Olsen highlights Horner’s professional mastery, personal integrity, and ability to adapt to the challenges of a rapidly evolving battlefield.

Airpower Reborn offers a conceptual approach to warfare that emphasizes airpower’s unique capability to achieve strategic effects. Six world-leading theorists argue that a viable strategy must transcend the purely military sphere, view the adversary as a multi-dimensional system, and pursue systemic paralysis and strategic effects rather than military destruction or attrition. The book is divided into three parts. The first section presents a historical perspective on airpower theory and airpower strategy, tracing their evolution from the 1920s to the 1980s. The second section contains in-depth examinations of the strategic concepts that John R. Boyd and John A. Warden developed in the 1980s and 1990s, with an emphasis on their contemporary relevance. The final section provides further context on modern airpower theory and strategy. Theory, in this setting, serves as the basic paradigm, strategy represents its generic, mechanisms-centered application, and plans of campaign constitute the specific steps for any given situation.In short, the authors look beyond the land-centric, battlefield-oriented paradigm that has continued to dominate military theories and strategies long after airpower offered new options. The book acknowledges the essential role of advanced technology in improving airpower capabilities, but emphasizes that air services must cultivate and harness the intellectual acumen of airmen and encourage officers and men to think conceptually and strategically about the application of aerospace power. Modern airpower can offer political decision-makers more and better options—provided the underlying strategy coherently links the application of airpower directly to the end-state objectives rather than limiting it to “the battle.”The book recommends that all countries should consider establishing a dynamic and vibrant environment for mastering aerospace history, theory, strategy, and doctrine; a milieu for cultivating broader knowledge of and insight into airpower; and a setting in which airpower experts have the opportunity to communicate their narrative to politicians, the media, and fellow officers, and to interact to mutual benefit with experts from all sectors of governance. This effort should emphasize the potentially unique contribution of airpower to political objectives and joint operations, and in turn connect to operational headquarters that do operational planning. Mastering such strategic thought lies at the heart of the military profession, but it requires in-depth knowledge and understanding of theory, strategy, and airpower, and transcends traditional metrics.