Terror on the High Seas

Yonah Alexander is a senior fellow and director of the Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies based at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies and the International Law Institute. Tyler Richardson has served as the Director of Research for the Inter-University Center for Terrorism Studies and as Defense Fellow for the Long-Term Strategy Project, both in Washington, DC.

. . . this set is an excellent supplement to research on the topic. It will be a worthwhile addition to collections focused on terrorism, maritime issues, or policy formation. Extensive index. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-level undergraduates through faculty/researchers.

• Foreword by James Arden Barnett, Jr.Foreword by Robert J. CoxForeword by Ingar SkaugPrefaceAcknowledgmentsVOLUME 11 Maritime Terrorism: An Overview of Challenges and ResponsesYonah AlexanderA Definitional PerspectiveHistorical and Contemporary ThreatsResponses: Unilateral and MultilateralObservations and Conclusions2 Maritime Security and Terrorism: Some Interdisciplinary Perspectives (1981)History of the High Seas: Moral Defense for a Maritime CivilizationJeffrey St. JohnThe Role of Maritime Industry in Defense of 'Free World' NationsAdmiral (Ret.) Thomas H. MooreInternational Terrorism: Unconventional WarfareYonah AlexanderMaritime TerrorismBrian JenkinsStatus of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency PlanningD. N. CassidyStatus of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency PlanningPaul WilkinsonStatus of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency PlanningRADM Wayne E. CaldwellOffshore Terrorism: Are We Prepared?Congressman Carroll HubbardOffshore & Maritime Pipeline FacilitiesPaul WilkinsonShipping & Maritime TerminalsCol. (Ret., U.S. Army) Douglas G. MacnairMaritime Security—A National DilemmaCapt. (Ret., USCGR) A. Robert Matt & Robert L. Patcha (Ret., USCGR)3 Achille Lauro Hijacking: Case Study (1985)Selected Executive StatementsOn the Achille Lauro Hijacking IncidentLarry M. SpeakesPrinciple Deputy Press SecretaryOctober 10, 1985Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with ReportersPresident Ronald ReaganOctober 11, 1985"On the Italian Government's Release of Palestinian Terrorist, Abu el Abbas"Larry M. SpeakesPrinciple Deputy Press SecretaryOctober 13, 1985Selected Congressional StatementsMr. Arafat Owes the World Some ExplanationsCongressman Charles E. SchumerOctober 9, 1985The Ugly Face of TerrorismSenator Mark O. HatfieldOctober 10, 1985Resolution Condemning the Murder of Leon KlinghofferCongressman Ted WeissOctober 10, 1985Striking BackCongressman Bob McEwenOctober 11, 1985Condemning Egyptian Actions in the Achille Lauro AffairCongressman Harry ReidOctober 15, 1985Cutting Off Aid to EgyptCongressman George DardenOctober 16, 1985America's Allies Offer Scant Support of Antiterrorism EffortsCongressman Eldon RuddOctober 16, 1985Victory over TerrorismCongresswoman Barbara A. MikulskiOctober 17, 1985The Killing of Leon Klinghoffer by International Terrorists aboard the Achille LauroSenator Robert Byrd and Senator Allen K. SimpsonMarch 27, 1986Commemorating Achille Lauro's 10th AnniversarySenator Alfonse M. D'AmatoOctober 26, 1995Court CaseIlsa and Lisa Klinghoffer v. Achille Lauro, 19914 USS Cole Bombing: Case Study (2000)The Investigation into the Attack on the USS Cole, May 2001 Report of the House Armed Services Committee StaffExecutive SummaryIntroductionThe Genesis of the HASC InvestigationThe Department of Defense and Department of the Navy InvestigationsThe Navy Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) ReportU.S. Central Command and Its Area of ResponsibilityThe U.S. Policy of EngagementIntelligenceCollectionAnalysisDisseminationThreat Levels and Threat ConditionsVulnerability AssessmentsForce ProtectionThe Navy's Antiterrorism/Force Protection Training ProgramForce Protection Measures and the Rules of EngagementOperational IssuesAppendicesAppendix A: Summary of Observations and RecommendationsAppendix B: List of Briefings and InterviewsAppendix C: Threat Condition (THREATCON) Measures5 Threats and United States Responses to Maritime ChallengesBorder Protection and CustomsFederal Law EnforcementAdmiral James M. LoyDepartment of Transportation, United States Coast Guard Before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human ResourcesDecember 5, 2001Port SafetyDouglas M. Browning Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Customs ServiceBefore the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, and Merchant MarineJuly 2, 2002U.S. Customs Service's Counterterrorism Efforts at Home and AbroadRobert C. BonnerU.S. Customs CommissionerForeign Press Center Briefing, Washington DCJanuary 14, 2003CBP Expands Enforcement of the 24-Hour RuleCustoms and Border Protection, United States Department of Homeland SecurityMay 1, 2003Review of CBP Actions Taken to Intercept Suspected Terrorists at U.S. Ports of EntryOffice of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Homeland SecurityJune 2006Port SecurityThe Interim Final Regulations on Port SecurityAdmiral Thomas H. CollinsU.S. Coast GuardBefore the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime TransportationJuly 22, 2003"President Discusses Port Security"President George W. BushOffice of the Press Secretary, The White HouseFebruary 21, 2006"Testimony of Susan J. Monteverde"Vice President American Association of Port AuthoritiesBefore the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Homeland SecurityFebruary 13, 2007Container SecurityContainer SecurityCapitan Anthony RegalbutoUnited States Coast GuardBefore the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Marine TransportationMarch 13, 2002Container Security Initiative: 2006–2011 Strategic PlanOffice of Policy and PlanningOffice of International Affairs, Container Security Initiative Division, United States Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland SecurityAugust 2006United States Government Accountability Office "Supply Chain Security"To the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Investigations, and the House Committee on Energy and CommerceJanuary 2008Transportation SecurityInternational Maritime SecurityMichaelJ. CryePresident, International Council of Cruise LinesBefore the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, and the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human ResourcesDecember 13, 20056 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the ExecutiveInteragency Framework"Combating Terrorism: Interagency Framework and Agency Programs to Address the Overseas Threat"GAO ReportMay 2003The White House"National Maritime Day Proclamations"President George W. Bush2001–2007Maritime Security PolicyNational Security Presidential Directive NSPD-41/ Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-13December 21, 2004The National Strategy for Maritime SecurityThe White HouseSeptember 2005Department of Homeland SecurityFact Sheet, Port Security: A Comprehensive ApproachU.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press SecretaryJune 2003Secure Seas, Open Ports: Keeping Our Waters Safe, Secure, and Open for BusinessUnited States Department of Homeland SecurityJune 21, 2004DHS Announces West Coast Maritime Radiation Detection ProjectDepartment of Homeland Security, Office of the Press SecretarySeptember 5, 2007United States Coast GuardPort and Maritime Security StrategyAdmiral James M. LoyUnited States Coast GuardBefore the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime TransportationDecember 6, 2001Coast Guard and America's SecurityUnited States Coast Guard 2002Before the Gathering StormAdmiral Thomas H. CollinsNational Defense University Distinguished Lecture Program, Washington DCOctober 9, 2002A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First-Century SeapowerAdmiral Thad W. AllenCommandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security Before the House Armed Services Committee, U.S. House of RepresentativesDecember 13, 2007Department of TransportationPort Security: A National Planning GuideUnited States Department of Transportation 1997Security of U.S. PortsThe Honorable Norman Y. MinetaSecretary of TransportationBefore House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime TransportationDecember 6, 2001The Security of Our SeaportsWilliam G. SchubertMaritime AdministratorBefore the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government InformationFebruary 26, 2002Department of DefenseHearing on the President's FY 2005 Budget Request for the Department of DefenseGeneral Richard B. Myers, USAFChairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffBefore the Committee on Armed ServicesMay 12, 2004A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First Century SeapowerUnited States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast GuardOctober 2007Commanders Discuss AFRICOM and Maritime PartnershipGeneral William Ward and Admiral Henry UlrichCommander, U.S. Africa Command and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe United States Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)October 15, 2007Federal Maritime CommissionRemarks by Harold J. CreelChairman, Federal Maritime Commission 2nd International Gwangyang Port Forum Gwangyang, KoreaApril 25, 2002Scanning the Horizon: Some Observations on the Changing Maritime SceneSteven R. BlustChairman, Federal Maritime Commission At the Plimsoll Club, New Orleans, LouisianaOctober 27, 2006State DepartmentPiracy and Armed Robbery at SeaMaureen O'C. WalkerActing Deputy Director, Office of Oceans AffairsU.S. Statement to the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea New York, New YorkMay 10, 2001International Outreach and Coordination Strategy for the National Strategy for Maritime SecurityUnited States Department of StateNovember 2005Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Terrorism in the Maritime Supply ChainThomas LehrmanDirector, Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction TerrorismMaritime Security ExpoNew York, New YorkSeptember 20, 2006Accession to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Ratification of the 1994 Agreement Amending Part XI of the Law of the Sea ConventionJohn D. NegroponteDeputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State Before the Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeSeptember 27, 2007Federal Bureau of InvestigationHomeland Security: Facilitating Trade and Securing SeaportsJames F. JarobeSpecial Agent in Charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation Before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International RelationsAugust 5, 2002Covering the Waterfront—A Review of Seaport Security since September 11, 2001Gary M. BaldActing Assistant Director, Counterterrorism Division Federal Bureau of InvestigationBefore the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland SecurityJanuary 27, 2004The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Efforts to Protect the Nation's SeaportsAudit Report 06–26 Office of the Inspector General-Audit Division, United States Department of JusticeMarch 2006International CooperationQ&A SessionAdmiral Thomas FargoUSN Commander, U.S. Pacific Command Before the House Armed Services CommitteeMarch 31, 2004U.S. Coast Guard International Maritime Security StrategyVice Admiral D. Brian PetermanCommander Atlantic Area, U.S. Coast Guard 6th Regional Seapower Symposium for the Navies of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Countries Venice, ItalyOctober 10–13, 2006VOLUME 27 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the LegislatureSelected Congressional Research Service and Government Accountability Office ReportsMaritime Security: Progress Made in Implementing Maritime Transportation Security Act, but Concerns RemainMargaret WrightsonDirector, Homeland Security and Justice IssuesGovernment Accountability OfficeBefore the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and TransportationMay 17, 2005Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection PrioritiesJohn F. Frittelli and Paul W. ParfomakAnalysts in Transportation, Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service Report for CongressJanuary 9, 2007Maritime Security: The SAFE Port Act Status and Implementation One Year LaterStephen L. CaldwellDirector, Homeland Security and Justice Issues Government Accountability OfficeBefore the House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global CounterterrorismOctober 20, 2007Congressional HearingsSeaport Security Hearing in SeattleSenator Patty MurrayJuly 1, 2002Department of Homeland Security Law Enforcement Efforts at U.S. Ports of EntryRepresentatives Howard Coble, North Carolina, and Robert C. Scott, VirginiaOpening StatementsBefore the House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland SecurityMarch 15, 2005LegislationProtecting America's Ports, Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press SecretaryJuly 2003Presidential Statement on the Port Security Improvement Act of 2006President George W. BushThe White House, Office of the Press SecretarySeptember 14, 20068 International Perspectives: Regional and GlobalRegional PerspectivesSoutheast AsiaARF Statement on Cooperation against Piracy and Other Threats to SecurityAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations Regional ForumJune 17, 2003APEC and Maritime Security MeasuresAmbassador Makarim WibisonoChairman of the APEC Counterterrorism Task ForcePresented to the APEC High-Level Conference on Maritime SecurityManila, PhilippinesSeptember 8–9, 2003Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in AsiaReCAAP Agreement, Tokyo, JapanNovember 11, 2004The Batam Joint Statement of the 4th Tripartite Ministerial Meeting of the Littoral States on the Straits of Malacca and SingaporeBatam, IndonesiaAugust 2, 2005Factsheet on the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP)ReCAAP Information Sharing CenterNovember 29, 2006Counterterrorism in Maritime OperationsPhilip RuddockAttorney General, AustraliaPort and Maritime Security and Counterterrorism Summit 2007 Langham Hotel, Melbourne, AustraliaMay 1, 2007AfricaPirates Pursue American ShipU.S. Overseas Security Advisory Council, Safety & Security Sub-Saharan Africa—SomaliaDecember 22, 2006Coordinated Action Urged as Piracy Threatens UN Lifeline to SomaliaJoint Communiqué, IMO Briefing 23International Maritime OrganizationJuly 10, 2007Africa Command: A Historic Opportunity for Enhanced Engagement—If Done RightDr. J. Peter PhamDirector, the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs James Madison UniversityBefore the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and Global HealthAugust 2, 2007Public AnnouncementEast Africa Consular Affairs Bulletins U.S. Overseas Security Advisory CouncilAugust 31, 2007South America & the CaribbeanNaval Forces from Eight Countries Train to Protect Panama CanalPress ReleaseEmbassy of the United States, PanamaAugust 10, 2004Argentina Becomes the First South American Country to Sign Container Security Initiative Declaration of PrinciplesU.S. Customs and Border ProtectionOffice of Public AffairsMay 11, 2005Information on Port Security in the Caribbean BasinStephen L. CaldwellDirector, Homeland Security and Justice Issues, General Accountability OfficeGovernment Accountability Office Report SummaryJune 29, 2007Global Multilateral PerspectivesEuropean Union (EU)EU Presidency Statement—Piracy at SeaEU statement in discussion panel B: Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea, European Union at United Nations, New York CityDr. Marie JacobssonAlternate Head of Delegation of Sweden on behalf of the European UnionMay 10, 2001An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European UnionCommunication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions, Commission of the European Communities, BrusselsOctober 10, 2007NATOCombating Terrorism in the MediterraneanVice Admiral Roberto CesarettiCommander, NATO Operation Endeavour NATO Review, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationAutumn 2005Combating Terrorism at SeaNATO Active Endeavour Briefing: NATO Naval Operations, Proliferation Security Initiative, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationJune 2006United NationsConvention on the High SeasUnited NationsApril 29, 1958United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Overview and Full TextUnited NationsOffice of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the SeaDecember 10, 1982Maritime Security, ISPS Code Implementation, Costs, and Related FinancingUNCTAD SecretariatUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United NationsMarch 14, 2007International Maritime OrganizationMeasures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews on Board ShipsInternational Maritime OrganizationSeptember 26, 1986Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationInternational Maritime OrganizationMarch 10, 1988Focus on IMO: Piracy and Armed Robbery at SeaInternational Maritime OrganizationJanuary 2000IMO Adopts Comprehensive Maritime Security MeasuresConference of Contracting Governments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974International Maritime OrganizationDecember 9–13, 2002IMO 2004: Focus on Maritime SecurityWorld Maritime Day 2004 Background PaperInternational Maritime OrganizationSeptember 27, 2004Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Waters off the Coast of SomaliaInternational Maritime OrganizationResolution A.[…] (25)(Agenda item 19(a))Adopted on November 29, 20079 Private-Sector Perspectives: Industry and Trade OrganizationsIntercargo Direction PaperInternational Association of Dry Cargo ShipownersJanuary 24, 2001Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Terrorism against Shipping, Port and Maritime Security, Guidance for the Development of Ship and Port Security PlansInternational Association of Ports and Harbors and International Chamber of ShippingMaritime Safety Committee, 75th Session Agenda Item 17 International Maritime OrganizationApril 12, 2002Port and Maritime SecurityInternational Association of Ports and Harbors IAPH Policy and Guidance PaperApril 23, 2002BIMCO's Vision and ObjectivesThe Baltic and International Maritime CouncilJune 17, 2004An Introduction to the IFSMAInternational Federation of Shipmasters' AssociationsOctober 2004Remarks of Christopher KochPresident and CEOWorld Shipping CouncilBefore the Maritime Security Expo 2006New York CitySeptember 19, 2006Selected BibliographyIndex