Ultra-Wideband Antennas and Propagation

Ben Allen completed his MSc and PhD degrees at the University of Bristol, U.K., in 1997 and 2001 respectively.Having undertaken post-doctorial research in the areas of smart antennas andMIMOwireless systems, he then became a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King’s College London where he co-founded the UWB research group. He is now with the Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford. He has published numerous journal and conference papers in the above areas as well as a book on smart antennas. He has been in receipt of the IEE J Langham Thomson Premium and the ARMMS Best Paper Award, both for publications relating to UWB. He is a senior member of the IEEE, chartered engineer, member of the IEE, and a member of the IEE’s Professional Network Executive Committee on Antennas and Propagation. Mischa Dohler obtained his MSc degree in Telecommunications from King’s College London, UK, in 1999, his Diploma in Electrical Engineering from Dresden University of Technology, Germany, in 2000, and his PhD from King’s College London in 2003. Hewas a lecturer at the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King’s College London, until June 2005. He is now a Senior Research Expert in the R&D department of France Telecom working on cognitive and sensor networks. Prior to Telecommunications, he studied Physics in Moscow. He has won various competitions in Mathematics and Physics, and participated in the 3rd round of the International Physics Olympics for Germany. He is a member of the IEEE and has been the Student Representative of the IEEE UKRI Section, member of the Student Activity Committee of IEEE Region 8 and the London Technology Network Business Fellow for King’s College London. He has published over 50 technical journal and conference papers, holds several patents, co-edited and contributed to several books, and has given numerous international short courses. He has been a TPC member and co-chair of various conferences and is an editor of the EURASIP journal, the IEEE Communication Letters, and the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.Ernest E. Okon received the PhD degree in Electronic Engineering from King’s College London in 2001 and the MSc (with distinction) and BSc (honours) degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Lagos in 1996 and 1992 respectively. His research interest is in electromagnetic modelling techniques, wide band antennas and arrays, sensor networks and RF circuits and devices. He taught undergraduate and postgraduate courses on antennas and propagation whilst at King’s College London. He joined BAE Systems Advanced Technology Centre UK in 2001 and is currently a research scientist working on electromagnetic problems, MEMS, antennas and arrays. He has written numerous reports, and published journal and conference papers. He is a member of the IEE, IEEE and Optical Society of America. He is also listed in Who’s Who in the World, Marquis USA.Wasim Q. Malik received his DPhil degree in Communications Engineering from the University of Oxford, UK, in 2005. Since then, he has been a Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, where his research focuses on ultrawideband propagation, antenna array systems, cognitive radio, and nanoscale sensors. He also holds a Junior Research Fellowship in Science at Wolfson College, Oxford, where he researches microwave tomographic imaging. Dr. Malik has published over 50 research papers in refereed journals and conferences, and has delivered keynote and invited talks at a number of conferences. He is a Guest Editor for the IEE Proceedings on Microwaves Antennas and Propagations forthcoming special issue on “Antenna systems and propagation for future wireless communications”. He has also been the General Co-Chair and Technical Program Committee Member at several international conferences. Dr. Malik received the Best Paper Award in the ARMMS RF and Microwave Conf., UK, Apr. 2006, the Recognition of Service Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1997, and won the National Inter-University Computer Science Contest, Pakistan, in 1998. He is a member of the IEEE and the IET, and serves on the UK Task Group on Mobile and Terrestrial Propagation.Anthony K. Brown is a Professor in Communications Engineering and leads the Microwave and Communication Systems research group at the University of Manchester (UK). He joined academia in 2003 having spent 28 years in industry, most recently for Easat Antennas Ltd where he is retained as company Chairman. He is a recognised expert in antennas and propagation as applied to radar and communications systems. Professor Brown is a member of the Technical Advisory Commission to the Federal Communication Commission (USA)- and is a UK representative to the EU’s COST Action 284 Management Committee. He has advised various international bodies including in Canada, Malaysia and USA. He has been a Steering Board member of the Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES USA), and is past recipient of the Founders Award from that organisation. He has served on many national and international committees (including for IEEE and IEE, EUROCAE and ARINC). He was a founder member of the EPSRC Communications College. Professor Brown is a frequent invited lecturer on antennas and related topics, most recently including application of such techniques to Ultra Wide Band communications. He is a listed expert on UWB systems by the Paris Ultra Wide Band Organisation (http://timederivative.com/pubs.html). Prof Brown is a Fellow of the IEE and the IMA and is a Charted Engineer and Mathematician.David J.Edwards has been an academic for 17 years after 12 years spent in the industry (BritishTelecom). He has a strong record of innovation in communications systems, electromagnetic measurements, ground probing radar and subsurface imaging radar. He has authored or co-authored in excess of 200 publications in his time as an academic. He has been in receipt of a number of awards and prizes (IEE Prize for Innovation, NPL Metrology award, IEE Mountbatten Premium (2 papers) and IEEE Neil Sheppy prize) for his work and has been extremely well supported by funding from research councils, industry and government agencies. He has a track record of wide collaboration within theUKand internationally. Prof. Edwards is serving and has served on a range of international committees in communications and related fields. He is a Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

• Editors xvPrime Contributors xviiPreface xxiAcknowledgments xxviiAbbreviations & Acronyms xxix1 Introduction to UWB Signals and Systems 1Andreas F. Molisch1.1 History of UWB 11.2 Motivation 31.3 UWB Signals and Systems 61.4 Frequency Regulation 121.5 Applications, Operating Scenarios and Standardisation 131.6 System Outlook 15References 16Part I Fundamentals 19Introduction to Part I 21Wasim Q. Malik and David J. Edwards2 Fundamental Electromagnetic Theory 25Mischa Dohler2.1 Introduction 252.2 Maxwell’s Equations 252.3 Resulting Principles 30References 303 Basic Antenna Elements 31Mischa Dohler3.1 Introduction 313.2 Hertzian Dipole 313.3 Antenna Parameters and Terminology 343.4 Basic Antenna Elements 42References 474 Antenna Arrays 49Ernest E. Okon4.1 Introduction 494.2 Point Sources 494.3 The Principle of Pattern Multiplication 554.4 Linear Arrays of n Elements 564.5 Linear Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distributions 584.6 Planar Arrays 624.7 Design Considerations 654.8 Summary 66References 665 Beamforming 67Ben Allen5.1 Introduction 675.2 Antenna Arrays 695.3 Adaptive Array Systems 735.4 Beamforming 755.5 Summary 86References 876 Antenna Diversity Techniques 89Junsheng Liu, Wasim Q. Malik, David J. Edwards and Mohammad Ghavami6.1 Introduction 896.2 A Review of Fading 896.3 Receive Diversity 936.4 Transmit Diversity 1006.5 MIMO Diversity Systems 102References 103Part II Antennas for UWB Communications 105Introduction to Part II 107Ernest E. Okon7 Theory of UWB Antenna Elements 111Xiaodong Chen7.1 Introduction 1117.2 Mechanism of UWB Monopole Antennas 1127.3 Planar UWB Monopole Antennas 1217.4 Planar UWB Slot Antennas 1327.5 Time-Domain Characteristics of Monopoles 1407.6 Summary 144Acknowledgements 144References 1448 Antenna Elements for Impulse Radio 147Zhi Ning Chen8.1 Introduction 1478.2 UWB Antenna Classification and Design Considerations 1488.3 Omnidirectional and Directional Designs 1538.4 Summary 160References 1619 Planar Dipole-like Antennas for Consumer Products 163Peter Massey9.1 Introduction 1639.2 Computer Modelling and Measurement Techniques 1649.3 Bicone Antennas and the Lossy Transmission Line Model 1649.4 Planar Dipoles 1679.5 Practical Antennas 1789.6 Summary 194Acknowledgements 195References 19510 UWB Antenna Elements for Consumer Electronic Applications 197Dirk Manteuffel10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Numerical Modelling and Extraction of the UWB Characterisation 19910.3 Antenna Design and Integration 20510.4 Propagation Modelling 21410.5 System Analysis 21510.6 Conclusions 218References 22011 Ultra-wideband Arrays 221Ernest E. Okon11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Linear Arrays 22111.3 Null and Maximum Directions for Uniform Arrays 22511.4 Phased Arrays 23011.5 Elements for UWB Array Design 23211.6 Modelling Considerations 23411.7 Feed Configurations 23411.8 Design Considerations 23811.9 Summary 239References 24012 UWB Beamforming 241Mohammad Ghavami and Kaveh Heidary12.1 Introduction 24112.2 Basic Concept 24212.3 A Simple Delay-line Transmitter Wideband Array 24312.4 UWB Mono-pulse Arrays 24912.5 Summary 257References 258Part III Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWB Communications 259Introduction to Part III 261Mischa Dohler and Ben Allen13 Analysis of UWB Signal Attenuation Through Typical Building Materials 265Domenico Porcino13.1 Introduction 26513.2 A Brief Overview of Channel Characteristics 26713.3 The Materials Under Test 27013.4 Experimental Campaign 27213.5 Conclusions 281References 28114 Large- and Medium-scale Propagation Modelling 283Mischa Dohler, Junsheng Liu, R. Michael Buehrer, Swaroop Venkatesh and Ben Allen14.1 Introduction 28314.2 Deterministic Models 28414.3 Statistical-Empirical Models 29714.4 Standardised Reference Models 30314.5 Conclusions 306References 30615 Small-scale Ultra-wideband Propagation Modelling 309Swaroop Venkatesh, R. Michael Buehrer, Junsheng Liu and Mischa Dohler15.1 Introduction 30915.2 Small-scale Channel Modelling 31015.3 Spatial Modelling 32115.4 IEEE 802.15.3a Standard Model 32415.5 IEEE 802.15.4a Standard Model 32515.6 Summary 327References 32716 Antenna Design and Propagation Measurements and Modelling for UWBWireless BAN 331Yang Hao, Akram Alomainy and Yan Zhao16.1 Introduction 33116.2 Propagation Channel Measurements and Characteristics 33216.3 WBAN Channel Modelling 34516.4 UWB System-Level Modelling of Potential Body-Centric Networks 35316.5 Summary 355References 35817 Ultra-wideband Spatial Channel Characteristics 361Wasim Q. Malik, Junsheng Liu, Ben Allen and David J. Edwards17.1 Introduction 36117.2 Preliminaries 36117.3 UWB Spatial Channel Representation 36217.4 Characterisation Techniques 36317.5 Increase in the Communication Rate 36417.6 Signal Quality Improvement 37017.7 Performance Parameters 37517.8 Summary 381References 381Part IV UWB Radar, Imaging and Ranging 385Introduction to Part IV 387Anthony K. Brown18 Localisation in NLOS Scenarios with UWB Antenna Arrays 389Thomas Kaiser, Christiane Senger, Amr Eltaher and Bamrung Tau Sieskul18.1 Introduction 38918.2 Underlying Mathematical Framework 39418.3 Properties of UWB Beamforming 39818.4 Beamloc Approach 40118.5 Algorithmic Framework 40318.6 Time-delay Estimation 40418.7 Simulation Results 40618.8 Conclusions 410References 41019 Antennas for Ground-penetrating Radar 413Ian Craddock19.1 Introduction 41319.2 GPR Example Applications 41319.3 Analysis and GPR Design 41919.4 Antenna Elements 42519.5 Antenna Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 43019.6 Conclusions 433Acknowledgements 434References 43420 Wideband Antennas for Biomedical Imaging 437Ian Craddock20.1 Introduction 43720.2 Detection and Imaging 43720.3 Waveform Choice and Antenna Design Criteria 44020.4 Antenna Elements 44120.5 Measurements, Analysis and Simulation 44520.6 Conclusions 447Acknowledgements 448References 44821 UWB Antennas for Radar and Related Applications 451Anthony K. Brown21.1 Introduction 45121.2 Medium- and Long-Range Radar 45221.3 UWB Reflector Antennas 45321.4 UWB Feed Designs 45921.5 Feeds with Low Dispersion 46121.6 Summary 468References 468Index 471