Dr. Guillaume de la Roche, University of Bedfordshire, UKGuillaume de la Roche received the Dipl.-Ing. in telecommunication from the School of Chemistry Physics and Electronics (CPE) Lyon, France, an M.S. degree in signal processing (2003) and a Ph.D. degree in wireless communication (2007) from the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), Lyon, France. Dr. Andres Alayon-Glazunov, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenAndres Alayon-Glazunov obtained the M.Sc. (Engineer-Researcher) degree in Physical Engineering from Saint Petersburg’s State Polytechnical University, Russia, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lund University, Sweden, during 1988-1994 and 2006-2009, respectively.Prof. Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UKBen Allen received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2001. In 2002 he joined Tait Electronics Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand, before becoming a Research Fellow with the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London.

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• About the Editors xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxiiiList of Acronyms xxvPart I BACKGROUND1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas1.1 Introduction 41.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 51.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 111.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 151.5 Summary 332 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35Andreas F. Molisch2.1 Propagation Principles 352.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 412.3 Stochastic Channel Description 462.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51Part II RADIO CHANNELS3 Indoor Channels 67Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu3.1 Introduction 673.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 693.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 834 Outdoor Channels 97Petros Karadimas4.1 Introduction 974.2 Reference Channel Model 984.3 Small Scale Variations 1034.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 1174.5 Summary 1195 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang5.1 Introduction 1235.2 Modelling Principles 1245.3 Empirical Propagation Models 1275.4 Deterministic Models 1375.5 Hybrid Models 1426 Vehicular Channels 153Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Radio Channel Measurements 1546.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 1606.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 1716.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 1807 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen7.1 Introduction 1877.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 1887.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 1967.4 Multi-User Channel Models 2008 Wideband Channels 215Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 2168.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 2198.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 2268.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 2398.5 Implications for LTE-A 2439 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma9.1 Introduction 2479.2 Wearable Antennas 2499.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 2519.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 2599.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 2639.6 Summary 265Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 27210.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 27710.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 28011 Finite-Difference Modeling 293Guillaume de la Roche11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 29411.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 29811.4 Results 30311.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 30811.6 Summary and Perspectives 31412 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 31712.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 32212.3 Empirical Models 32512.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 32612.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 33212.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 33912.7 Coverage Probability 34413 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349Jan Ellenbeck13.1 Introduction 34913.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 35013.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 35713.4 Channel Model Calibration 36613.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 37113.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 37913.7 Summary and Outlook 38514 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389Julian Webber14.1 Introduction 38914.2 Emulator Systems 39014.3 Random Number Generation 39114.4 Fading Generators 39414.5 Channel Convolution 40114.6 Emulator Development 40314.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 40314.8 Summary 40715 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen15.1 Introduction 41115.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 41415.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 41815.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 41915.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42115.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42915.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 42915.6.2 Two-Stage Method 43615.7 Future Trends 43716 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443Ghazanfar A. Safdar16.1 Introduction 44316.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 44316.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 44816.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 45216.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 46116.6 Applications of CRNs 46816.7 Summary 47017 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473Tim Brown17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 47417.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 47717.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 48417.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 48517.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 48917.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 49117.7 Small Cell Antennas 49217.8 Summary 49218 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia18.1 Motivation 49518.2 Scenarios 49618.3 Concepts 49818.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 50018.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 50818.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 51318.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 51718.8 Summary 522Acknowledgements 523References 523Index 525

Dr. Guillaume de la Roche, University of Bedfordshire, UKGuillaume de la Roche received the Dipl.-Ing. in telecommunication from the School of Chemistry Physics and Electronics (CPE) Lyon, France, an M.S. degree in signal processing (2003) and a Ph.D. degree in wireless communication (2007) from the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), Lyon, France. Dr. Andres Alayon-Glazunov, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenAndres Alayon-Glazunov obtained the M.Sc. (Engineer-Researcher) degree in Physical Engineering from Saint Petersburg’s State Polytechnical University, Russia, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lund University, Sweden, during 1988-1994 and 2006-2009, respectively.Prof. Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UKBen Allen received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2001. In 2002 he joined Tait Electronics Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand, before becoming a Research Fellow with the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London.

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• About the Editors xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxiiiList of Acronyms xxvPart I BACKGROUND1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas1.1 Introduction 41.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 51.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 111.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 151.5 Summary 332 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35Andreas F. Molisch2.1 Propagation Principles 352.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 412.3 Stochastic Channel Description 462.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51Part II RADIO CHANNELS3 Indoor Channels 67Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu3.1 Introduction 673.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 693.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 834 Outdoor Channels 97Petros Karadimas4.1 Introduction 974.2 Reference Channel Model 984.3 Small Scale Variations 1034.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 1174.5 Summary 1195 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang5.1 Introduction 1235.2 Modelling Principles 1245.3 Empirical Propagation Models 1275.4 Deterministic Models 1375.5 Hybrid Models 1426 Vehicular Channels 153Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Radio Channel Measurements 1546.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 1606.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 1716.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 1807 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen7.1 Introduction 1877.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 1887.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 1967.4 Multi-User Channel Models 2008 Wideband Channels 215Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 2168.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 2198.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 2268.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 2398.5 Implications for LTE-A 2439 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma9.1 Introduction 2479.2 Wearable Antennas 2499.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 2519.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 2599.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 2639.6 Summary 265Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 27210.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 27710.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 28011 Finite-Difference Modeling 293Guillaume de la Roche11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 29411.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 29811.4 Results 30311.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 30811.6 Summary and Perspectives 31412 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 31712.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 32212.3 Empirical Models 32512.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 32612.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 33212.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 33912.7 Coverage Probability 34413 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349Jan Ellenbeck13.1 Introduction 34913.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 35013.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 35713.4 Channel Model Calibration 36613.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 37113.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 37913.7 Summary and Outlook 38514 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389Julian Webber14.1 Introduction 38914.2 Emulator Systems 39014.3 Random Number Generation 39114.4 Fading Generators 39414.5 Channel Convolution 40114.6 Emulator Development 40314.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 40314.8 Summary 40715 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen15.1 Introduction 41115.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 41415.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 41815.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 41915.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42115.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42915.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 42915.6.2 Two-Stage Method 43615.7 Future Trends 43716 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443Ghazanfar A. Safdar16.1 Introduction 44316.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 44316.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 44816.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 45216.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 46116.6 Applications of CRNs 46816.7 Summary 47017 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473Tim Brown17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 47417.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 47717.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 48417.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 48517.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 48917.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 49117.7 Small Cell Antennas 49217.8 Summary 49218 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia18.1 Motivation 49518.2 Scenarios 49618.3 Concepts 49818.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 50018.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 50818.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 51318.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 51718.8 Summary 522Acknowledgements 523References 523Index 525

Dr. Guillaume de la Roche, University of Bedfordshire, UKGuillaume de la Roche received the Dipl.-Ing. in telecommunication from the School of Chemistry Physics and Electronics (CPE) Lyon, France, an M.S. degree in signal processing (2003) and a Ph.D. degree in wireless communication (2007) from the National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), Lyon, France. Dr. Andres Alayon-Glazunov, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SwedenAndres Alayon-Glazunov obtained the M.Sc. (Engineer-Researcher) degree in Physical Engineering from Saint Petersburg’s State Polytechnical University, Russia, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from Lund University, Sweden, during 1988-1994 and 2006-2009, respectively.Prof. Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UKBen Allen received his PhD from the University of Bristol in 2001. In 2002 he joined Tait Electronics Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand, before becoming a Research Fellow with the Centre for Telecommunications Research, King's College London.

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• About the Editors xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xixAcknowledgements xxiiiList of Acronyms xxvPart I BACKGROUND1 Enabling Technologies for 3GPP LTE-Advanced Networks 3Narcis Cardona, Jose F. Monserrat and Jorge Cabrejas1.1 Introduction 41.2 General IMT-Advanced Features and Requirements 51.3 Long Term Evolution Advanced Requirements 111.4 Long Term Evolution Advanced Enabling Technologies 151.5 Summary 332 Propagation and Channel Modeling Principles 35Andreas F. Molisch2.1 Propagation Principles 352.2 Deterministic Channel Descriptions 412.3 Stochastic Channel Description 462.4 Channel Modeling Methods 51Part II RADIO CHANNELS3 Indoor Channels 67Jianhua Zhang and Guangyi Liu3.1 Introduction 673.2 Indoor Large Scale Fading 693.3 Indoor Small Scale Fading 834 Outdoor Channels 97Petros Karadimas4.1 Introduction 974.2 Reference Channel Model 984.3 Small Scale Variations 1034.4 Path Loss and Large Scale Variations 1174.5 Summary 1195 Outdoor-Indoor Channel 123Andres Alayon Glazunov, Zhihua Lai and Jie Zhang5.1 Introduction 1235.2 Modelling Principles 1245.3 Empirical Propagation Models 1275.4 Deterministic Models 1375.5 Hybrid Models 1426 Vehicular Channels 153Laura Bernado, Nicolai Czink, Thomas Zemen, Alexander Paier, Fredrik Tufvesson, Christoph Mecklenbrauker and Andreas F. Molisch6.1 Introduction 1536.2 Radio Channel Measurements 1546.3 Vehicular Channel Characterization 1606.4 Channel Models for Vehicular Communications 1716.5 New Vehicular Communication Techniques 1807 Multi-User MIMO Channels 187Fredrik Tufvesson, Katsuyuki Haneda and Veli-Matti Kolmonen7.1 Introduction 1877.2 Multi-User MIMO Measurements 1887.3 Multi-User Channel Characterization 1967.4 Multi-User Channel Models 2008 Wideband Channels 215Vit Sipal, David Edward and Ben Allen8.1 Large Scale Channel Properties 2168.2 Impulse Response of UWB Channel 2198.3 Frequency Selective Fading in UWB Channels 2268.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 2398.5 Implications for LTE-A 2439 Wireless Body Area Network Channels 247Rob Edwards, Muhammad Irfan Khattak and Lei Ma9.1 Introduction 2479.2 Wearable Antennas 2499.3 Analysis of Antennas Close to Human Skin 2519.4 A Survey of Popular On-Body Propagation Models 2599.5 Antenna Implants-Possible Future Trends 2639.6 Summary 265Part III SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE10 Ray-Tracing Modeling 271Yves Lostanlen and Thomas Kurner10.1 Introduction 27110.2 Main Physical Phenomena Involved in Propagation 27210.3 Incorporating the Influence of Vegetation 27710.4 Ray-Tracing Methods 28011 Finite-Difference Modeling 293Guillaume de la Roche11.1 Introduction 29311.2 Models for Solving Maxwell’s Equations 29411.3 Practical Use of FD Methods 29811.4 Results 30311.5 Perspectives for Finite Difference Models 30811.6 Summary and Perspectives 31412 Propagation Models for Wireless Network Planning 317Thomas Kurner and Yves Lostanlen12.1 Geographic Data for RNP 31712.2 Categorization of Propagation Models 32212.3 Empirical Models 32512.4 Semi-Empirical Models for Macro Cells 32612.5 Deterministic Models for Urban Areas 33212.6 Accuracy of Propagation Models for RNP 33912.7 Coverage Probability 34413 System-Level Simulations with the IMT-Advanced Channel Model 349Jan Ellenbeck13.1 Introduction 34913.2 IMT-Advanced Simulation Guidelines 35013.3 The IMT-Advanced Channel Models 35713.4 Channel Model Calibration 36613.5 Link-to-System Modeling for LTE-Advanced 37113.6 3GPP LTE-Advanced System-Level Simulator Calibration 37913.7 Summary and Outlook 38514 Channel Emulators for Emerging Communication Systems 389Julian Webber14.1 Introduction 38914.2 Emulator Systems 39014.3 Random Number Generation 39114.4 Fading Generators 39414.5 Channel Convolution 40114.6 Emulator Development 40314.7 Example Transceiver Applications for Emerging Systems 40314.8 Summary 40715 MIMO Over-the-Air Testing 411Andres Alayon Glazunov, Veli-Matti Kolmonen and Tommi Laitinen15.1 Introduction 41115.2 Channel Modelling Concepts 41415.3 DUTs and Usage Definition 41815.4 Figures-of-Merit for OTA 41915.5 Multi-Probe MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42115.6 Other MIMO OTA Testing Methods 42915.6.1 Reverberation Chambers 42915.6.2 Two-Stage Method 43615.7 Future Trends 43716 Cognitive Radio Networks: Sensing, Access, Security 443Ghazanfar A. Safdar16.1 Introduction 44316.2 Cognitive Radio: A Definition 44316.3 Spectrum Sensing in CRNs 44816.4 Spectrum Assignment–Medium Access Control in CRNs 45216.5 Security in Cognitive Radio Networks 46116.6 Applications of CRNs 46816.7 Summary 47017 Antenna Design for Small Devices 473Tim Brown17.1 Antenna Fundamentals 47417.2 Figures of Merit and their Impact on the Propagation Channel 47717.3 Challenges in Mobile Terminal Antenna Design 48417.4 Multiple-Antenna Minaturization Techniques 48517.5 Multiple Antennas with Multiple Bands 48917.6 Multiple Users and Antenna Effects 49117.7 Small Cell Antennas 49217.8 Summary 49218 Statistical Characterization of Antennas in BANs 495Carla Oliveira, Michal Mackowiak and Luis M. Correia18.1 Motivation 49518.2 Scenarios 49618.3 Concepts 49818.4 Body Coupling: Theoretical Models 50018.5 Body Coupling: Full Wave Simulations 50818.6 Body Coupling: Practical Experiments 51318.7 Correlation Analysis for BANs 51718.8 Summary 522Acknowledgements 523References 523Index 525