Quantitative and Statistical Research Methods

William E. Martin, EdD, is a professor and past chair of educational psychology in the College of Education, Northern Arizona University. He also served as senior scholar in the university's Faculty Research Center. His research areas are psychometric assessment, counselor development, psychosocial adjustment, and person-environment-based prevention and intervention methods.Krista D. Bridgmon, PhD, is an assistant professor of psychology at Colorado State University-Pueblo. Her research areas are doctoral student attrition, stress and coping, school counseling, and sport psychology.

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• Tables and Figures ixPreface xviiThe Authors xixChapter 1 Introduction and Overview 1Review of Foundational Research Concepts 3Review of Foundational Statistical Information 6The Normal Distribution 14Chapter 2 Logical Steps of Conducting Quantitative Research: Hypothesis-Testing Process 29Hypothesis-Testing Process 30Chapter 3 Maximizing Hypothesis Decisions Using Power Analysis 39Balance between Avoiding Type I and Type II Errors 41Chapter 4 Research and Statistical Designs 53Formulating Experimental Conditions 54Reducing the Imprecision in Measurement 55Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences 57Internal Validity and Experimental Designs 59Choosing a Statistic to Use for an Analysis 67Chapter 5 Introduction to IBM SPSS 20 77The IBM SPSS 20 Data View Screen 80Naming and Defining Variables in Variable View 80Entering Data 86Examples of Basic Analyses 87Examples of Modifying Data Procedures 96Chapter 6 Diagnosing Study Data for Inaccuracies and Assumptions 99Research Example 100Chapter 7 Randomized Design Comparing Two Treatments and a Control Using a One-Way Analysis of Variance 129Research Problem 130Study Variables 131Research Design 133Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 135Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 136Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 137Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 138Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 143Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 144Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 162Formula Calculations of the Study Results 166Chapter 8 Repeated-Treatment Design Using a Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 183Research Problem 184Study Variables 185Research Design 186Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 189Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 190Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 191Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 192Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 Is True 195Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 196Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 216Formula Calculations of the Study Results 218Chapter 9 Randomized Factorial Experimental Design Using a Factorial ANOVA 231Research Problem 232Study Variables 232Research Design 233Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Questions 237Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 238Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 240Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 241Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0Assuming H0 Is True 247Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 248Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 271Formula Calculations of the Study Results 278Chapter 10 Analysis of Covariance 297Research Problem 298Study Variables 299Research Design 300Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 301Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 301Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 302Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 302Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 is True 306Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 307Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals 324Formula ANCOVA Calculations of the Study Results 327 ANCOVA Study Results 339Chapter 11 Randomized Control Group and Repeated-Treatment Designs and Nonparametics 345Research Problem 346Study Variables 346Research Design 347Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 349Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 349Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 350Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 350Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 is True 354Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 355Hypothesis Testing Step 6: Make Decision Regarding the H0 and Interpret Post Hoc Effect Sizes 370 Formula Calculations 376Nonparametric Research Problem Two: Friedman’s Rank Test for Correlated Samples and Wilcoxon’s Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test 382Chapter 12 Bivariate and Multivariate Correlation Methods Using Multiple Regression Analysis 401Research Problem 402Study Variables 402Research Method 403Stating the Omnibus (Comprehensive) Research Question 405Hypothesis Testing Step 1: Establish the Alternative (Research) Hypothesis (Ha) 405Hypothesis Testing Step 2: Establish the Null Hypothesis (H0) 406Hypothesis Testing Step 3: Decide on a Risk Level (Alpha) of Rejecting the True H0 Considering Type I and II Errors and Power 406Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Choose Appropriate Statistic and Its Sampling Distribution to Test the H0 Assuming H0 is True 407Hypothesis Testing Step 5: Select Sample, Collect Data, Screen Data, Compute Statistic, and Determine Probability Estimates 407 Hand Calculations of Statistics 423Chapter 13 Understanding Quantitative Literature and Research 439 Interpretation of a Quantitative Research Article 440References 461Index 465